National Crime Prevention and Community Safety Strategy of Bangladesh

Crime prevention is ‘any initiative or policy which reduces or eliminates the aggregate level of victimization or the risk of individual criminal participation. It includes government and community based programs to reduce the incidents of risk factors correlated with criminal participation and the rate of victimization, as well as efforts to change perceptions’.

Since 2003, a number of NGO agencies have undertaken research and conducted community consultations culminating with various pilot programmes, training courses and other means of support. Many of these focus around the Bangladesh Police. In respect to crime, perceptions of safety and community issues, This strategy draws upon the results of this research which illustrates a very clear picture of the issues within Bangladesh.

It also outlines the strategic need to expand the concept of crime prevention to include other aspects of community safety. This is important in the context of a sustainable strategy to reach a sustainable solution. Simply put, responsibility rests with numerous stakeholders, including Government, Non Government Organisations (NGO’s) and most importantly, the community itself.

At the present time in Bangladesh, MOHA and Bangladesh Police are taking the lead role in establishing a crime prevention and community safety programme through its efforts to implement the Community Policing Strategy (CPS) throughout the country. In time, other government ministries and NGO’s should also incorporate the principles and philosophies of crime prevention and community safety into their respective policies. For example, the Ministry of Education (MOE) can identify where the principles of crime prevention can apply to its functions and incorporate some aspects to enhance the safety and well being of teachers and students within the school environment.

In Bangladesh, there are four main motivators, or drivers, which underpin the desire to enhance the safety and well being of the people. They evolve from the highest levels of government and extend down to local community groups through the extensive Community Policing networks. These are:

· The Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh[1]

· The Universal Charter of Human Rights[2]

· The Ministry of Home Affairs Vision and Mission Statements; and

· The Bangladesh Police Vision and Mission Statements.

Community safety is a broad concept which can focus on the individual (physical and emotional well-being), as well as the broader community (economic, environmental and social well-being). The literature on the subject refers to community safety as an aspect of ‘quality of life’ that incorporates issues such as crime prevention/reduction, road safety, public health, emergency management and the environment.

There are two general approaches to preventing crime. The first aims to prevent crime by making it more difficult, risky and less rewarding to commit. It focuses on the crime-prone situation rather than the offender. Strategies include physical security, access control, design improvements, surveillance and police patrols. It is commonly referred to as "situational crime prevention". The second seeks to prevent criminal behaviour by influencing the attitudes and behaviour of those most likely to offend. It aims to reduce the risk factors associated with offending such as poor parenting, school failure and restricted opportunities. It involves measures such as parenting programmes, school enrichment and youth prevention projects, mentoring and helping young people into training and work. This is commonly referred to as "social or developmental crime prevention"

The following issues are considered to be necessary components of the National Crime Prevention Strategy. Each has philosophical reasons about why they are considered feasible crime prevention and community safety strategies. They also have implications regarding the on going or extended impact caused through cause and effect. There are numerous initiatives and strategies, long term and short term, which can be used to prevent crime at the local level. An understanding of these is essential for effective implementation;

Identify Existing Programs and Projects
Compendium of Crime Prevention and Community Safety Projects
Reporting and Recording Crime
Identify Cause and Effect
Early Intervention Programs
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Neighbourhood Watch Schemes
Reducing the Fear of Crime
Poverty Reduction Strategies
Equitable Treatment of Women Victims of Crime
Role Models/Mentoring
Technology and Crime Prevention
Drug Awareness and Enforcement Programs
Research & Partnerships with Academic Institutions
Targeting Repeat Victimisation
Firearms Amnesty
Targeted Policing
Community Policing Officers

The complexity of crime prevention means each level of government and community has a different role to play. Some are strategically focused while others more action orientated. It would be impossible to outline all of these in this proposal. Therefore, this paper outlines some of the general and specific strategies and framework believed appropriate to facilitate the evolution of the structure required to introduce crime prevention and community safety philosophies, strategies and finally action into current context of the social development of Bangladesh.

For the effective implementation and the coordination of the ongoing crime prevention programs in BD, this strategy proposes the establishment of:

A National Crime Prevention Advisory Committee (NCPAC) at Government level
A National Crime Prevention Coordination Committee (NCPCC) within the Bangladesh Police
And Local level crime prevention committees in tandem with the proposed Community Policing Units up to the PS level.

Knowing how, where and when to intervene requires both an understanding of the nature of the crime problem and the appreciation of what is available in terms of interventions and crime prevention strategies for tackling them. There needs to be clear understanding of which crime occurs at which locations, what the crime generators are likely to be in terms of opportunities, how offences are committed and when they take place. Data are also needed on, which interventions are appropriate to each situation, what are the tactical, organizational and environmental conditions for their successful implementation and what are the likely economic and opportunity costs for their deployment.

For this purpose this strategy proposes a crime analysis framework based upon the following two categories;

Crime Centred Analysis (CCA)

Crime Environment Analysis (CEA)

This framework will contribute to identify the appropriate and specific crime prevention strategies, initiating Proactive policing, plan reactive actions to combat prevailing crimes and planning available resources.

2. Methodology

This proposal has been developed in direct response to the Terms of Reference (TOR) provided by the United Nations Development Programme - Police Reform Programme (UNDP PRP). There was extensive consultation with government, non government, and community and business sector groups. A comprehensive literature review was also undertaken using current and historical social development material relevant to Bangladesh. Senior police officers were consulted for their valuable suggestions and feedback. It is developed on the premise that the Government will be committed to a holistic approach towards crime prevention and community safety. Since 2003, a number of NGO agencies have undertaken research and conducted community consultations culminating with various pilot programmes, training courses and other means of support. Many of these focus around the Bangladesh Police. In respect to crime, perceptions of safety and community issues, this strategy draws upon the results of this research which illustrates a very clear picture of the issues within Bangladesh.

3. Introduction

Crime prevention is any initiative or policy which reduces or eliminates the aggregate level of victimization or the risk of individual criminal participation. It includes government and community based programs to reduce the incidents of risk factors correlated with criminal participation and the rate of victimization, as well as efforts to change perceptions’.[3]

A question often asked in respect to crime prevention and community safety is “who is responsible for programme development, coordination and implementation”. This paper addresses that question in the context of The Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh and provides a framework which will set the foundation for longer term change throughout the country. It also outlines the strategic need to expand the concept of crime prevention to include other aspects of community safety. This is important in the context of a sustainable strategy to reach a sustainable solution. Simply put, responsibility rests with numerous stakeholders, including Government, Non Government Organisations (NGO’s) and most importantly, the community itself.

4. Bangladesh in Profile

The Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh has an estimated 156, 050, 883 (July 2009)[4] inhabitants, rating the 7^th most populous country on earth. The density of the country is 1045 square kilometres; rating 11^th in the world. The nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rating is $72.4 billion (USD) which equates to $455 per capita, rating an astonishing 157^th in the world. As such, poverty is a serious problem which relates directly to the overall crime situation.

Re-active policing in Bangladesh is made even more difficult through the high police/citizen ratio; therefore the need to invest in prevention strategies appears more obvious. There is an over reliance and unrealistic expectation that the Bangladesh Police can be solely responsible for curbing the crime rate; however, it can play a crucial leadership and practitioner role in prevention.

Sl #	Country	Police-People Ratio
1	Bangladesh	1: 1138
2	India	1: 728
3	Philippines	1: 665
4	Pakistan	1: 625
5	Japan	1: 563
6	New Zealand	1: 416
7	Singapore	1: 295
8	Malaysia	1: 249
9	Thailand	1. 228
10	Hong Kong	1: 220

Table One – Police Populations Ratio – 2008

5. Current Crime Situation in Bangladesh

There are a number of recent crime prevention and community safety surveys undertaken by Bangladesh Police, NGO’s and Donor organisations.

One survey undertaken by Safer World on behalf of the Department for International Development (Bangladesh - DFID) outlined statistics which were also identified in other surveys, and can therefore be utilized as being a fair representative viewpoint of the community attitudes of the people of Bangladesh. These statistics have been corroborated by a series of interviews and research undertaken by the UNDP Police Reform Programme. The Safer World research into human security, community safety and armed violence was undertaken throughout Bangladesh between September and December 2007.

When asked specifically about the most frequent crimes and injustices in Bangladesh, more than three-quarters (77 percent) thought that personal property crimes (for example, theft, burglary, robbery, mugging) were the most common problems. This perception was even greater among urban respondents (89 percent). The second highest cause of concern was dowry-related crime (56 percent). Other gender-related forms of insecurity included sexual violence and harassment (21 percent) and domestic violence (11 percent).

Disputes over properties were the third most frequently-cited form of crime/injustice (35 percent); a perception which was further supported by fears over land-grabbing and landlessness (15 percent) and slum evictions (4 percent). Drug abuse was the fourth most popular response (29 percent).

There is also a serious problem with many crimes going un-reported which impacts upon the victims, and also the data available to properly assess the crime situation. Just under two-fifths (38 percent) of households have experienced crime or injustice in the past two years. Theft was the most common crime identified; respondents reported 346 instances of theft over the survey period. This means that on average 8.65 percent of households experience a theft each year. It is notable that this disaggregation of respondent experiences does not correspond with even the highest rate of recorded theft in 2007. Police statistics recorded only 12,015 thefts for a country of at least 20 million households – a rate of one theft per 0.06 percent of households each year. This suggests that the vast majority of crimes go unreported. Other crimes identified included damage to property, threat of physical violence, loss of property to land-grabbers, muggings, and physical violence by husbands against wives.

In all, 234 acts of violence were reported across the 2,000 surveyed households for the two year period prior to the conducting of field research. Of these just 22 incidents involved firearms; misuse of sticks and knives is more common. While this could indicate that there are low levels of weapons proliferation within society, there is substantive evidence to indicate that firearms and explosives are a pervasive threat to security. For example, several thousand weapons have been seized by the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) since its establishment, implying that criminals have easy access to illegal weapons. Moreover, frequent seizures of explosives are also made. Between October 2006 and January 2007 nearly 200 people were injured by improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The availability of firearms and explosives is likely due to Bangladesh’s geographical location, making it easy to use as an international trafficking route.

6. Rationale for a National Crime Prevention Strategy

High levels of crime pose a serious threat to our emergent democracy. Violent crime often leads to a tragic loss of life and injury, and the loss of possessions and livelihood due to crime is incalculable. Crime results in the deprivation of the rights and dignity of citizens, and poses a threat to peaceful resolution of differences and rightful participation of all in the democratic process.

Crime casts fear into the hearts from all walks of life and prevents them from taking their rightful place in the development and growth of our country. It inhibits the citizens from communicating with one another freely, from engaging in economic activity and prevents entrepreneurs and investors from taking advantage of the opportunities offered by the country. The rights and freedoms which the constitution entrenches are threatened every time a citizen becomes a victim of crime.

For these reasons, the Government regards the prevention of crime as a national priority. This applies not only to the ministries, and the departments concerned with security and justice, but also to all other national departments which are able to make a contribution to a reduction in crime levels. Local governments will work together with the practitioners to implement the NCPS.

Some of the causes of crime are deep-rooted and related to the history and socioeconomic realities of the society. For this reason, a comprehensive strategy must go beyond providing only effective policing. It must also provide for mobilization and participation of civil society in assisting to address crime.

To effectively reduce crime, it is necessary to transform and reorganize government and facilitate real community participation. We need to weave a new social fabric, robust enough to withstand the stresses of rapid change in a new-born society. To expect this to happen too quickly is to sabotage proper planning and solid construction of new criminal justice machinery.

Most fundamentally this strategy requires that government moves beyond a mode of crisis management and reaction. Government must ensure that effective planning and sustainable success in reducing crime will reach well into the next century.

· The Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh[5]

· The Universal Charter of Human Rights[6]

· The Ministry of Home Affairs Vision and Mission Statements; and

· The Bangladesh Police Vision and Mission Statements.

These all provide legitimate authority to those responsible within the government and community for ensuring a safe and free society. The following excerpts from these doctrines clearly justify the need to develop a National Crime Prevention Strategy in Bangladesh.

6.1 The Universal Charter for Human Rights

Adding further accountable responsibilities, the Universal Charter for Human Rights outlines that responsible bodies must adhere to the following commitments;

- ‘recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world

- it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human right should be protected by the rule of law

- the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom

- member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms

- a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge.’

6.2 The Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh

In part, the Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh outlines the following:

‘We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our Independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through [a historic war for national independence], established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh, pledge that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process to socialist society, free from exploitation - a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens’.

6.3 Ministry of Home Affairs - Vision and Mission Statements

In part, the Vision statement of the Ministry of Home Affairs states:

‘Create a safe habitable human environment by ensuring peace and security throughout the country’.

The Mission Statement reads:

‘Provide security to life and property, maintain law and order, conduct rescue operations, investigate criminal cases, fight criminals, crimes and militancy, ensure humane treatment to prisoners, protect border and coastal belt, check smuggling, formulate immigration and emigration related policies and combat trafficking in humans and drugs’.

6.4 Bangladesh Police - Vision and Mission Statements

Bangladesh Police are one of the few official organisations which has committed to providing a safe and secure society and acknowledges that it has a primary responsibility in regards to both detecting and preventing crime. It is the organisation that has the current capacity to coordinate and deliver effective crime prevention strategies across the country and has shown a high level of commitment over recent years, to this cause. Bangladesh Police has reflected these within the organisational vision and mission statements outlined in the 2008-2010 Bangladesh Police Strategic Plan.

Further to this, the Police Act of 1861 and Metropolitan Police Ordinance outline the basic duties of a police officer:

- to obey and execute all orders and warrants lawfully issued to him by any competent authority

- to collect and communicate intelligence affecting the public peace

- to prevent the commission of offences and public nuisances

- to detect and bring offenders to justice; and

- to apprehend all persons who he is legally authorized to apprehend and for whose apprehension ground exists.

7. Crime Prevention and Community Safety

The term ‘community safety’ features prominently throughout this document. It is a frequently used term; however, it is difficult to define in precise terms because it has different meanings for different people and contexts.

Crime prevention and community safety has not really been defined. Globally, various organisations implement crime prevention and community safety programs based on their perceptions and interpretations. The risk is that without sufficient knowledge of the underlying principles and philosophies, crime prevention is often linked with policing and therefore police agencies are tasked exclusively with the role. This has lead to restrictive programs which fall within the responsibility of the policing organisation, eliminating the scope to broaden its application through other stakeholders. Nowadays, a broader approach is required and at the strategic level, all government and non government agencies can contribute.

The lack of formal definitions however is not considered a problem as definitions tend to restrict initiative and encourages the development of a silo based mentally. By this it is meant that practitioners only work within the scope of the definition (and their authority) and lose the opportunity for broader initiatives. Crime prevention and community safety can be as big, or as small as one wishes it to be. This enables a better chance for effective implementation at all levels of government and community. It allows for the development of more flexible programs which can be easily adapted to suit everybody’s needs.

Globally, the most effective programs are the ones which are owned, developed and implemented at the grass roots level. They also take into account issues broader than just crime prevention as safety is an important component of the strategy to reduce the fear of crime. People need to feel safe within their communities; therefore, strategies should take into account broader community needs and expectations.

Traditionally, organisations around the world have turned to the police and the criminal justice systems to deal with these problems. However, most of the work of these agencies generally deal with are after the event (re-active). A truly successful crime prevention strategy requires intervention before the event (pro-active). This is where the most recognisable dilemma emerges. Are the police the best body to provide the leadership role and coordination of crime prevention and community safety programs? The answer is simple. At the lower practitioner level, there is no other organisation suitably resourced to provide the infrastructure at grass roots level. The police are mobilised throughout the country and have the capacity to deliver programs to schools, training to community groups etc. At the practitioner level, policing organisations are still playing a major role if the delivery of crime prevention and community safety activities. So long as other stakeholder holders are involved, this can be the appropriate model, as police have the resources to expand their responsibilities from detection to prevention as well. They have the capacity to provide services down to village level, whereas other agencies do not have the diversity of such resources.

Prior to 2006, there was sufficient evidence to suggest that the police, in general terms, were not well liked. This was primarily due to their past militant roles which required them to use a heavy hand. Furthermore, a large proportion of the community did not trust their police. However, recent surveys confirm that this attitude is changing and that the police have been seen as willing to change, and are gaining support and respect from their communities.

The challenge now is for Government and Bangladesh Police hierarchies to support those police and provide the necessary opportunities to continue the cultural shift in the way to perform their functions. As such, if these gains in positive perceptions continue to improve, the scope to use police in localised crime prevention and community safety programs is encouraging and should be harnessed.

7.1 Crime Prevention; Elements and Approach

According to experts on crime prevention, for a crime to occur, three elements have to be present: ability, motivation; and opportunity. Eliminate any one of these, and the crime will not occur. There are two general approaches to preventing crime. The first aims to prevent crime by making it more difficult, risky and less rewarding to commit. It focuses on the crime-prone situation rather than the offender. Strategies include physical security, access control, design improvements, surveillance and police patrols. It is commonly referred to as "situational crime prevention". The second seeks to prevent criminal behaviour by influencing the attitudes and behaviour of those most likely to offend. It aims to reduce the risk factors associated with offending such as poor parenting, school failure and restricted opportunities. It involves measures such as parenting programmes, school enrichment and youth prevention projects, mentoring and helping young people into training and work. This is commonly referred to as "social or developmental crime prevention".

7. 2 Essential components of Crime Prevention Programs in Bangladesh.

The Justice system has a large strategic role to play in crime prevention and community safety. Crime prevention leads to lower numbers in prisons; however, history indicates that prisoner numbers will continue to grow with the emergence of new crimes and population increases. Some of the methods for consideration should include probation systems, community work programs, and rehabilitation programs for prisoners, official warnings for first offenders, diversion programs for young people and visits to prison programs by young people considered to be at risk.

Identify Existing Programs and Projects

Bangladesh has not been slow to respond to the implementation of crime prevention and community safety programs. At both strategic and practitioner levels, there are various projects underway. The NCPCC should endeavour to identify what programs exist in Bangladesh and to ensure a coordination role is adopted.

Compendium of Crime Prevention and Community Safety Projects

After the existing programs have been identified, the NCPCC should ensure the development of a compendium of crime prevention and community safety projects.

Reporting and Recording Crime

Statistical information at all levels is essential for practitioners to develop solutions to problems. Programs and systems need to be introduced to encourage people to report crime and the data should be used widely. Government commitment to this task is vital, as in the first instance; there will appear to be a sharp increase in the crime rate. The reason is that the victims feel more confident to report the crime to police.

Cause and Effect

Practitioners also need to understand cause and effect. For example, a strategy to increase arrest and suppression rates will lead to additional work and resources for policing. A subsequent increase of prisoners in prisons leads to similar resourcing problems. Further burdens are in turn placed on the judicial system leading to a back log of cases and the subsequent need for more courts to manage them.

Early Intervention Programs

Research shows that focusing on prevention and early intervention is more effective in the long-term than responses that may resolve only immediate crises. Early intervention involves intervening at critical points in a young person’s development and attempting to ensure that they are given the maximum opportunity to lead productive and law abiding lives. The Government of Bangladesh sees young people as the future of the country and should demonstrate its commitment to early intervention by supporting a large number of early intervention initiatives. These programs should be introduced through the education system and include drug awareness, protection against sexual assaults and the development of sport and recreation programs. In some countries, police officers are attached to schools to ensure these issues are taught to young people. This is a viable option in Bangladesh. There is also a role within the Justice system regarding early intervention.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

CPTED is considered an excellent strategic tool to build crime out of communities. The concepts of CPTED can be used at all levels and requires partnerships between police, government and communities. It can have an impact on both existing infrastructure and proposed developments.

Neighbourhood Watch Schemes

Natural surveillance is considered an excellent crime prevention strategy and should be encouraged. Neighbourhood Watch Schemes generally attract corporate sponsorships to fund the coordination of the program.

Reducing the Fear of Crime

Many people report that they are concerned or fearful of crime. At public events, or in public spaces such as transport, shopping areas and parks, people can feel unsafe and apprehensive. Crime and fear of crime are major concerns for many communities and can significantly reduce the quality of people's lives. The fear of crime is particularly evident in the more vulnerable groups, such as young people, older people and women. Specific strategies to reduce the fear of crime need to be undertaken

Poverty Reduction Strategies

Various initiatives are currently underway in Bangladesh regarding poverty reduction strategies. There is a direct link between poverty and rates of crime.

Equitable Treatment of Women Victims of Crime

The strategy must take into account specific issues regarding women. There is evidence to support the fact that domestic violence and sexual assaults are prevalent crimes in Bangladesh. Women are fearful of making reports to police and these issues need to be addressed.

Role Models/Mentoring

Sporting, television and other high profile personalities are considered to be excellent role models for young people. Individuals should be identified and approached to assist in the marketing of crime prevention programs.

Technology and Crime Prevention

Bangladesh is continuing its social and technological development. Computers, internet, television and radio are considered excellent mediums to promote crime prevention programmes.

Drug Awareness and Enforcement Programs

The United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention strategies regarding Drug Abuse and Awareness and other programmes provide excellent opportunities to link into drug issues at the strategic level. At local level, properly trained Community Policing Officers can adopt these strategies for implementation throughout schools in the area.

Research & Partnerships with Academic Institutions

The NCPCC should have a sound research capacity to determine best practice in contemporary crime prevention and community safety, including statistics, strategies and information regarding best practice. A partnership with the appropriate universities would be extremely beneficial.

Targeting Repeat Victimisation

The International Crime Victims Survey outlines that many victims of crime become a victim more than once. This is a common thing around the world, and as such, groups which are more likely to become victims should be identified and targeted by the responsible agencies. Victim support programs should be considered also.

Firearms Amnesty

There is an abundance of illicit weapons within the community. These are a hazard in regards to both internal crime prevention and also national security.

Targeted Policing

By targeting recidivist offenders, or focusing on areas where particular crimes patterns are emerging, policing authorities can quickly arrest offenders and thereby reinforcing confidence in policing and reduce perceptions of fear within the community. This approach to policing requires certain skills which need to be evidence based. Analysis of criminal intelligence provides the means to identify what the real problems are in the community.

Community Policing Officers

Policy and strategy issues regarding crime prevention and community safety require implementation at some stage. There needs to be practitioners on the ground to implement and coordinate projects. Although there is a need for a true partnership approach, the police are often in the best logistical position to coordinate crime prevention. As such, there is a recommendation for the establishment of Community Policing Officers in each of the police Stations.

7. 3 Underlying Principles of Crime Prevention and Community Safety Strategy

Crime prevention and community safety has underlying philosophies, principles and skills just like any other social science or discipline. These are quite broad and crime prevention practitioners within Bangladesh will need to be trained in these skills. There are fundamental principles which under-pin successful crime prevention and community safety strategies and adherence to these will enable the development of successful strategies and initiatives. These principles include (but are not restricted to) the following:

Government agencies at all levels undertake a leadership role
The imperative is a whole of Government approach
Understanding cause and effect.
Understanding and reducing fear of crime
Coordination between agencies
Research and evidence based programming
The use of local level crime statistics in planning and implementation of programs
Encourage innovation
Resourcing within jurisdictions for government agencies

Resourcing for community based initiatives
Partnerships, sponsorships and donor support
Alliance with the media
Effective marketing and communication strategies
Evaluation of programmes
Keeping the community and stakeholders informed
Recognizing the role of community policing

This strategy concentrates on National Programmes and on developing a conceptual framework for crime prevention at all levels. Although committed to the programmes contained herein, the government sees this document as representing a working strategy, which should be refined, changed and improved on the basis of feedback and experience. In particular, divisional consultations will be held to develop civil society and local government responses to this strategy.

7.4 The Objectives of National Crime Prevention Strategy

The National Crime Prevention Strategy has the following objectives:

The establishment of a comprehensive policy framework which will enable government to address crime in a coordinated and focused manner which draws on the resources of all government agencies, as well as civil society.
The promotion of a shared understanding and common vision of how we, as a nation, are going to tackle crime. This vision should also inform and stimulate initiatives at divisional and local level.
The development of a set of national programmes which serve to kick start and focus the efforts of various government departments in delivering quality service aimed at solving the problems leading to high crime levels.
The maximisation of civil society's participation in mobilising and sustaining crime prevention initiatives.
Creation of a dedicated and integrated crime prevention capacity which can conduct ongoing research and evaluation of departmental and public campaigns as well as facilitating effective crime prevention programmes at divisional and local level.

8. Overall strategy on Crime Prevention and Community Safety in Bangladesh

The complexity of crime prevention means each level of government and community has a different role to play. Some are strategically focused while others more action orientated. It would be impossible to outline all of these in this proposal. This paper outlines overall, general and specific strategies and framework believed appropriate to facilitate the evolution of the structure required to introduce crime prevention and community safety philosophies, strategies and finally action into current context of the social development of Bangladesh.

Overall Strategy;

· family support and development can assist parents in dealing with emerging issues, especially the drug problem etc,

· people can learn skills to protect their property from theft, or themselves from violence,

· programs aimed at awareness can have a significant impact on the overall rate of crime,

· incidents of domestic violence go unreported

· sport and recreation opportunities can divert young people away from crime patterns,

· town planners can build crime out of areas through innovative infrastructure design,

· the justice system can develop programs to reduce the number of people in prisons, and return breadwinners to families,

· Legislative and sentencing reform can have a strategic impact on the crime rate.

8.1 General Crime Prevention Strategies

Security and Safety Audits

Objective - identify and prioritise areas and issues of concern

Target Hardening

Objective – Make the commission of the offence more difficult to commit

Natural/Community Surveillance

Objective – Utilise local residents in natural surveillance – Neighbourhood Watch for example

Police in Schools Programs

Objective – To utilise the knowledge, skills and accessibility of police to provide training and information to young people through the school system

Community Surveys

Objective – Identify areas of concern to the community

Design of Public Space

Objective – Create safe and stimulating places for people to visit

Improve Lighting and Visibility

Objective – Identify un-safe areas and improve lighting and natural surveillance

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Objective – Build crime prevention into infrastructure, design out crime opportunities

Recreation Facilities

Objective – Develop a range of safe and stimulating recreation ( parks, play grounds etc in each Mohalla) options, especially for young people

Police Youth Liaison

Objective – Improve understanding and communication between young people and police

Employment Programs

Objective -Generate meaningful work for young people

Road, Rail and River Safety Programs

Objective – NCPAC to seek representation from Departments within the Ministry of Communications, including Roads and Highways Department, Bangladesh Railway, Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation and Bangladesh Road Transport Authority. Identify risk areas and develop strategies to eliminate or reduce overall risk.

Suicide Prevention Programs

Objective – With other agencies, identify affected demographic and engage in collaborative support programs.

8.2 Specific Crime Prevention Strategies

8.2.1 Strategies for Reducing/Prevention anti social behaviour by young people

School Based Projects and Services

Objective -Employ school facilities to reduce anti social behaviour

After School Clubs

Objective – Provide constructive activities for young people

Strengthen Families

Objective – Assist parents and children to effectively communicate with each other, and assist parents to support and guide their children

Religion and Faith

Objective – Enhance social behaviour and development

8.2.2 Strategies for Reducing/Preventing VIOLENCE

Conflict Resolution Training

Objective –Provide people with skills to resolve conflict successfully

Access control

Objective – Limit or screen people who can enter an area or site

Analyse role of alcohol and drugs in violent incidents

Objective – Determine the need for action on alcohol and other drug issues

Anti Violence Training

Objective – Provide members of the community with skills to prevent violent incidents

Personal Safety Strategies

Objective – Equip members of the community with strategies for avoiding potentially violent situations

Self Defence Skills

Objective – Equip people with skills to defend themselves in violent situations

Mediation Services

Objective – Provide local mechanisms for resolving disputes

Peer Education Programs

Objective – Support and encourage young people not to engage in violence

Role Models

Objective – Identifying community or high profile role models and using their position to encourage positive social behaviour

Anti Bullying Strategies in Schools

Objective – Discourage bullying behaviours

Local, Provincial and National Media Campaigns

Objective – Strengthen community knowledge and attitudes

8.2.3 Strategies for Reducing/Preventing MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT

Increase or introduce transport options

Objective – Reduce the incentive/motivation for motor vehicle theft

Motor Vehicle Related Activities

Objective – Provide alternatives for young people who wish to own or work with vehicles

Motor Vehicle Theft Surveillance Programs

Objective – Increase risk of detection

8.2.4 Strategies for Reducing/Preventing THEFT

This section outlines some strategies which can be used to address stealing from shops, house burglary, livestock theft and other forms of theft.

Increase Surveillance Opportunities

Objective – Increase of risk of detection

Publicise Increased Surveillance Opportunities

Objective – Increase perceived likelihood of detection

Property Marking/Identification

Objective – Reduce the rewards for theft

Restrict Potential Resale Sites

Objective – Reduce the rewards for theft

Research and Address Underlying Motivations for Theft

Objective – Reduce the incentive for theft

8.2.5 Strategies for Reducing/Preventing DRUG AND ALCOHOL ISSUES

School Education, Policies and Programs

Objective – Provide an educational environment which encourages young people to treat drugs responsibly

Drug and Alcohol Awareness Campaigns

Objective – Develop and environment which encourages people to make healthy choices about drug abuse

Parent and Community Awareness

Objective – Enable parents and community to identify signs of drug use and action and remedies to reduce/prevent on going abuse

9. Proposed Framework for a National Approach

This framework only outlines the means by which the correct processes need to be installed within the Bangladesh social development ethos. It provides for the mechanisms necessary to enable the strategic and systematic changes to take place over the next decade. There are four tiers of legitimacy for a collaborative approach to the development and implementation of a whole of government, sustainable, crime prevention strategy. Those are:

Accountability - The Government of Bangladesh is accountable to the citizens through various doctrines, including the Charter of Human Rights and the Constitution. The ultimate accountability for providing a safer and prosperous country unequivocally rests with Government.

Responsibility - The various Ministries’ within Government have the delegated powers, or responsibilities, to achieve Governments objectives. MOHA has the delegated responsibility, through its various departmental portfolios, to develop many of the social policies required for a crime prevention strategy. MOHA is well placed to provide the overall policy coordination role of a National strategy. The Ministry also has access to the necessary financial resources and the ability to action legislative change, if necessary.

Capability (Bangladesh Police, NGO’s and Donors)-This crime prevention strategy requires dedicated leadership and a large number of practitioners to be responsible for coordination at the ground level. These practitioners will need to be skilled in contemporary crime prevention practices and have the capability to work closely with the community to ensure implementation. Bangladesh is densely populated and Bangladesh Police are the only agency (government or otherwise) equipped to be able to extend its influence into all aspects of the community and deliver a tangible service, rather than a rhetorical one. Police services around the world must have effective relationships with those they serve and in general terms, the police can rely of the cooperation of the law abiding members of society to help them overcome the elements of those who break the laws. In Bangladesh during these times of reform and development, there is also a perfect opportunity for Bangladesh Police to align itself with experts from NGO’s and aid donors, such as the United Nations (UN) who can provide financial and expert advice and support.

Capacity – The Community Crime prevention strategies require leadership at the coordination and practitioner levels, but most of the success stories emerge from instances where the community has been empowered to manage the safety of their own comminutes. This does not mean that vigilante type police services are used, on the contrary. Communities have the capacity to understand the local problems at local level. They can use existing frameworks and resources to address their problems and should work closely with police practitioners to learn the skills of crime prevention and community safety. In a country of over 150 million people, there is no other alternative. Through effective partnerships with locally based Community Policing Officers (CPO’s), the community can be provided with the knowledge about how best they can address the underlying social issues often associated with crime.

Although this framework is not a complex one, there are various functions to be undertaken at all levels. As previously outlined, this framework proposes the development of a two tiered strategy. The Policy Function at Government Level and the Implementation Function at District Level.

9.1 Strategic level; Ministry of Home Affairs

The Government of Bangladesh recognises that many citizens are concerned about crime and its impact on their lives. MOHA has adopted a strong strategic leadership role in working to alleviate crime and violence. Ownership of problems and therefore responsibility for solutions rests with the various government and non government stakeholders throughout the country.

In recognising that a truly holistic approach requires support from the highest level of Government, it is necessary for all Ministries to understand how their portfolios can contribute towards making Bangladesh a safer place for everybody. MOHA should identify and agree upon a set of principles which under-pin the whole of Government approach to crime prevention and community safety. Ministers would then be obliged to administer these principles through their respective social development policies and business. The National Crime Prevention and Community Safety Strategy shall identify and promote innovative ways of reducing and preventing crime and the fear of crime. The programme includes research and practical initiatives including, national pilot projects, local prevention activities, communication and training initiatives.

Role

MOHA is the ultimate authority responsible for ensuring that crime prevention and community safety is an integral part of the social development agenda in Bangladesh. The Ministry shall pledge and steer a holistic approach which encompasses cross jurisdictional, non government and community partnerships by;

i. endorsing national holistic approach to crime prevention and community safety

ii. supporting strategic thinking and policy development on crime prevention by leaders of the community

iii. promoting strategic research in crime prevention

iv. form strategic alliances with academic research institutions (for example - The Department of Criminology and Police Science within the Moulana Bhashani University)

v. encouraging innovation and evidence based programme implementation in crime prevention

vi. promoting collaboration within and across governments in partnership with the non-government and private sectors

vii. promoting and integrating crime prevention principles and practice into the core business of other agencies

viii. endorsing reporting and recording of the incidence of crime, and

ix. Establishing and administering a set of whole of government “Agreed Principles for Cooperation” (Appendix six).

x. establishing the National Crime Prevention Advisory Committee at Government level (NCPAC) and the National Crime Prevention Coordination Committee (NCPCC) within the Bangladesh Police

9.2 National Crime Prevention Advisory Committee (NCPAC)

(The establishment of the NCPAC is a recommendation of the Community Policing Strategy proposed by the UNDP PRP.)

Recognising the need of interagency coordination the strategy proposes a National Advisory Committee which will comprise of representatives from a broad range of stakeholders. This is the ultimate authority responsible for ensuring that crime prevention and community policing is an integral part of the social development agenda in Bangladesh. This provides the opportunity for the government and police to work in partnership with the non government sector, and for mechanisms to allow the development of policy to facilitate the necessary change[7].

Role

I. Serve as the supreme body which endorses the National Strategy and provides strategic direction to the on going Crime Prevention and Community Policing initiatives in Bangladesh

II. Identify key stake holders and initiate a forum which can address the countries strategic priorities regarding Crime Prevention and Community Policing.

III. Develop the capacity to consult widely and represent a broad range of government and non government stakeholders

IV. Identify opportunities and existing networks

V. Promote strategic research in crime prevention and community policing

VI. Encourage innovation and evidence based program implementation in crime prevention and community policing

VII. Promote collaboration within and across governments in partnership with the non-government and private sectors.

9.3 National Crime Prevention Coordination Committee (NCPCC)

(The establishment of the NCPAC is a recommendation of the Community Policing Strategy proposed by the UNDP PRP.)

National Crime Prevention Coordination Committee (NCPCC) in Police Headquarters will act as a central research, policy and strategic formulation body for Bangladesh Police and to support local police and civil society efforts in prevention of crime and implementation of community policing. The Coordination Committee is the supreme authority and will ensure interagency coordination and government commitment for the holistic implementation of Community policing program in Bangladesh, whereas this committee will have the administrative capacity to undertake research, formulate the programs, training and the monitoring and evaluation of the ongoing initiatives[8].

Composition

IG, Convener
All Additional IGs
DG RAB, member
Commissioner DMP, member
DIG training, member
DIG Finance, member
DIG Crime, member
Range DIGs, members
Metro Commissioners
AIG P&R, member
AIG Media, member
Representatives from NGO
Reps from donors community
Reps from business community
AIG Crime-1, member secretary
One expert/ Professional in Social science.

Role

I. Provide administrative support to implement National Crime Prevention Coordination strategy.

II. Undertake extensive research to identify priority issues

III. Identify viable and sustainable crime prevention program for Bangladesh

IV. Monitor and evaluate implementation of the National strategy

V. Approve work plan for National Crime Prevention and Community Policing in Bangladesh

VI. Strengthen Crime Prevention Centre and Community Police Officers of Bangladesh

VII. Advise the national advisory committee on the progress and short falls of crime prevention and community policing programs in Bangladesh.

9.4 Operational level; linking with Community policing strategy

The UNDP Police Reform Programme (Bangladesh) has previously submitted the Community Policing Strategy. This has been endorsed by senior police command (table two) and has largely been implemented across the country. This strategy links in well with that framework.

(Table two)

9.5 Role of Crime Prevention Centre in Police Headquarter

Crime Prevention Centre (CPC) at the Police Headquarters (AIG crime prevention as focal point and DIG crime PHQ as overall supervisor) will act as a central research, policy and strategic formulation unit for Bangladesh Police and to support local Police and civil society efforts in prevention of crime and implementation of community policing. This Centre will serve as a Secretariat for the National Coordination Committee of the Police headquarters.

9.6 Coordination with the NGOs

There is always scope for the police to utilize the resources of NGOs and use them as a partner playing an integral part as opposed to threat to police. It is apparent that NGOs are staffed by very enthusiastic committed people who are fully focused and dedicated to the aims of their respective organizations. Their success lies in their individual specialization and expertise. For this, the Crime Prevention Centre will coordinate the donors and I/NGO’s ongoing program and accommodate these initiatives in broader consultations with the agencies. The Center, in consultations with the agencies, will define the joint logical framework activities (LFA) and work-plan with partners and donors. (Who’s involved in what? Who’s responsible for what? Who has done what?). In no case, they will approach the local Police without prior consultation with this center. This center will work as a central focal point for all the CP initiatives within and outside the organizations. However, district level NGOs in specific location will coordinate with the district CP cell.

9.7 Steps to implementation of the strategy

Once this strategy is approved, the Crime Prevention Centre (CPC) will finalize a work plan. The work plan will identify the lead partner(s) for each of the objectives in the strategy and provides a timeline for completing the activities associated with each strategic output.

Crime Prevention Centre will convene a meeting of relevant stakeholders to develop a work plan that details the activities and channels for each of the interventions desired by the strategy paper.

10. Crime Analysis

There are many ways to intervene to prevent the crime. Some involve making targets less vulnerable by strengthening them in some way (fitting bolts and locks), other focus on improving surveillance or by boosting guardianship and some raise awareness of crime risks through publicity campaigns or directly target offenders through targeted policing.

The effectiveness with which crime prevention measures are deployed depends on how far interventions are tackling the types of crime that community faces and if appropriate, how accurately they are targeted, how well they are implemented and how receptive local communities are to having them in their area.

Different types of analysis are required to support activities such as targeting, project implementation and community engagement. Effective implementation needs to be informed by an understanding of the physical and social characteristics of the affected areas as well as knowledge and experience of project management, partnership working and data sharing.

A holistic approach to analysis for intervention would involve learning not only about patterns of crime and disorder but also about other factors that affect the targeting, implementation and ultimately the effectiveness of crime prevention measures. These include the following;

Ø The distribution of crime opportunities

Ø Crime prevention strategies and their appropriateness

Ø Methods of resource allocation and targeting

Ø Partnership, engagement and support of communities for the deployment of crime prevention on the ground

Ø Likely sustainability of crime Prevention measures.

10.1 Crime pattern Analysis (CPA)

Understanding the patterns of crime and the mechanisms that generate them is a good starting point. Crime are not unique random events but rather share a number of common characteristics or features reflecting the activities of both victims and offenders; spatial clustering, repeat victimization, specific modus operandi, similar demographic and social characteristics.

CPA is a set of systematic analytical process directed as providing timely and pertinent information relative to crime pattern and trends to assist operational and administrative functions in the planning and deployment of resources. CPA attempts to form a picture of the nature and scale of crime in particular area. The size of the area, or the type and number of crimes examined may vary. Descriptive or inferential statistics are used for analysis, which may be supplemented by qualitative material.

A crime pattern is the occurrence of similar offences in defined geographic area. The only characteristics common to these cases are type of crime, type of location targeted and geography. These crimes are usually/ may not be committed by the same offenders. When we know the crime patterns, and connection, we can predict what future crime may occur then plan an operation to catch the criminals and prevent similar crime in future.

10.2 The Crime Analysis framework

The mechanisms that generate crime patterns are shaped by the physical and social environment. The crime data alone are not sufficient fully to account for all the factors those analyses for the purposes of intervention to cover. It is not essential always to include environmental data in the analysis of crime problems. However when crime patterns are placed into their social and physical environmental context, additional information about their manifestation can be explored. For this purpose this strategy proposes a crime analysis framework based upon the following two categories;

Crime Cantered Analysis (CCA)

Crime Environment Analysis (CEA)

Further details of the crime analyses frame work is attached in annex. Based upon this framework separate technical specifications will be developed and a program will be set up in Crime Prevention Centre with support of ICT component of PRP.

11. Evaluation

A full evaluation should be conducted 12 months after implementation of the National Strategy. Monitoring during the implementation process is to be undertaken by the NCPCC.

12. Conclusion

The discipline of crime prevention and community safety is very broad and responsibility rests with a large range of stakeholders. The framework for the strategy is designed to allow a great deal of flexibility into the process. Bangladesh’s social development is progressing rapidly and the people appear excited by the change. The main emphasis throughout this framework is partnerships, empowerment and acceptance of responsibility. These are philosophical requirements which can only be instilled through cultural change. This is the reason that a National Strategy has to be lead and supported by the highest authority, while ownership and implementation rests with the community.

This framework shall enable the establishment of the systems and processes needed to develop and implement the overall strategy.

Appendix: Agreed Principles of Cooperation

These principles will provide Ministries with the guiding principles necessary to emboss crime prevention and community safety into their portfolio business. The following is an example of what can be adopted in Bangladesh.

“All Ministries, on behalf of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, hereby agree to adopt the following principles regarding crime prevention and community safety”

Crime prevention and community safety is the responsibility of all sectors of the community – all levels of government, police, business and industry, non-government, residents’ groups, school and other service providers

Different types of crime and crime prevention are suitable for approaches at different levels. Government agencies, for example, have a role to play in crime prevention at the National, District and Thana policy levels.

Strategic approaches to crime prevention are more effective than individual or one off initiatives or projects and District Governments have the role of leadership to develop crime prevention strategies with stakeholders from all sectors of the community

Development and promotion of best practice in crime prevention based on research findings is critical to ensure impact and best use of resources

Bipartisan commitment to crime prevention action across a broad range of policy areas should be sought by all District Governments to achieve reduced opportunities for the commission of crime and to improve the social and economic conditions that may impact on offending. Commitment to crime prevention from leaders should be clear and unequivocal. Commitment should be in the form of philosophical support and longer term structured commitment to encouraging, funding and resourcing innovative projects

Crime prevention and community safety is an important and necessary component of the country’s social development and capacity building priorities.

Appendix: The Crime Analysis

The intervention process begins with problem analysis followed by policy options appraisal and than progresses to implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review. Analyses should be done in at each stage through out the processes. Relevant analyses in the initial stage would focus on crime problems and socio environmental contexts and the later stages would be concerned with the measurement of policy impacts and the attribution of observed changes to interventions etc.

Crime analysis has three parts i.e. Crime pattern Analysis, General Profile Analysis and Crime Control Method Analysis.

CPA attempts to form a picture of the nature and scale of crime in particular area. The size of the area, or the type and number of crimes examined may vary. Descriptive or inferential statistics are used for analysis, which may be supplemented by qualitative material.

General Profile analysis attempts to identify typical characteristics of perpetrators of certain crimes. General profile analysis may focus not only the offender, but also one likely victim of crime.

Crime Control Method; Analysis. Involves the evaluation of methods and techniques introduced with the aim of establishing their future usefulness.

Ø The distribution of crime opportunities

Ø Crime prevention strategies and their appropriateness

Ø Methods of resource allocation and targeting

Ø Partnership, engagement and support of communities for the deployment of crime prevention on the ground

Ø Likely sustainability of crime Prevention measures.

Crime pattern Analysis (CPA)

The Crime Analysis framework

Objectives of Crime Analysis Framework

Ø To study the criminal incidents,

Ø To identify the patterns, trends of the problems,

Ø To analyse these trends, patterns and the problems,

Ø To disseminate information to police units so that they can develop tactics and strategies for future interventions.

Output of Crime Analysis Framework

Crime pattern- Nature and distribution of crime within an area

Crime trends- Changes in the area’s crime pattern

Crime series- Crime with common offender

Crime hotspots- An area with high numbers of criminals incidents

Crime clusters Groups of crime linked by commonality in their character.

For this purpose this strategy proposes a crime analysis framework based upon the following two categories;

Crime centered analysis (CCA)

CCA uses a range of measurements and statistical techniques to identify the manifestation of crime and how it is changing overtime. It includes analysis of spatial distribution, its temporal patterns and how crime within one area compared with that elsewhere.

Relevant questions to ask in relation to CCA

Where does crime occur?

When does crime occur?

When crime occurs, where do they occur?

Where crime occurs, when do they occur?

How crime does occurs (MO analysis)

Do areas with one crime problem have other crime problems?

Where are these areas?

Which and how many crimes do they have?

How much of the population is effected?

How concentrated is crime?

To what extent are there repeat crimes?

What are the time intervals between repeats?

Where repeat crime concentrates?

Who are the victims and who are the offenders?

Do offenders live in the areas with the highest crime rates?

Aggregate data for Crime Centered Analysis (CCA);

Tabulation of crime counts and derivation of crime rates

Identification of areas with significantly high and low crime

Benchmarking of area crime rates against comparison areas

Identification of crime mix and its variation across areas

Identification of areas falling into the worst percentile on one or more crime types

Derivations of composite crime indices for ranking of areas

Calculation of the concentration of crime at area level

Identification of repeat crime by area

Identification of temporal variations in crime by area

Result to get from CCA

Is the volume of crime increasing or decreasing

Is crime affecting the same areas or new areas?

Are crime diffusing or concentrating

Is there evidence of displacement or crime switch?

Crime Environment Analysis (CEA)

CEA examines the relationship between crime and aspects of the physical and social environment. It include exploring links between crime and community level characteristics and between crime and other factors such as land use, transport routes, the crime generator factors, crime attractors and crime prevention measures (if available).

Relevant questions to ask in relation to CEA

What types of area have high crimes?

Do they have particular types of housing or built environment?

Are they policy priorities areas?

What types of transport and communications do they have?

Are they accessible to offenders?

Do they have poor natural surveillance?

Do they have a large number of potential attractors?

Do they have crime prevention measures already? If so which…

Result; Crime Environment Analysis (CEA)

Crime level within policy priority areas for area based initiatives

Crime profile for town centers, out of town retail parks, industrial estates, transport hubs, economic development areas and urban cultural quarters within a region

Cross border crime (internal and international areas)

Data requirements and sources

There are ranges of existing or secondary data for profiling local crime problems and for identifying contextual factor that either facilitate or pose obstacles to implementing crime prevention measures on ground. Some of them are consistent in format and others are subject to local variations how they are grouped and categorized. Here are some of the illustrations of sources of data which can be used for crime analyses.

Area crime level (recorded crime- police statistics)

Actual victimization (unreported plus reported- survey data)

Crime opportunities within an area (secondary and survey data)

Perceptions of crime within an area

Perceptions of crime opportunities

Fear of crime

Anger about crime

Shock about crime

Perception of safety

[1]Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh - Appendix 4

[2]Charter of Human Rights - Appendix 3 - Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948

[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_prevention

[4] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html

[5]Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh - Appendix 4

[6]Charter of Human Rights - Appendix 3 - Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948

[7] Community Policing – National Strategy for Bangladesh, UNDP Police Reform Programme (2008) p 29

[8] Ibid., p 30

What is Vector Art?

What Is Vector Art?

Vector Art is a technique, not a style.

Perhaps a better term would be "vector-based art," meaning art created in a vector-based program. Vector art consists of creating paths and points in a program such as Illustrator or Freehand. The program keeps track of the relationships between these points and paths. Vectors are any scaleable objects that keeps their proportions and quality when sized up or down. They're defined as solid objects, and can be moved around in full, or grouped together with other objects. Vectors can be defined by mathematical and numeric data. So vector art is anything that's created in Illustrator, Freehand, Corel Draw, Flash or other "vector" illustration programs.

(Vector programs: Illustrator, Freehand, Corel Draw, Flash, etc.)

The other side of the coin is raster art. Raster art consists of pixel information, where every pixel is assigned a RGB or CMYK value. This can create smoother and more detailed images for photos and paintings, but if the image is scaled, the program has to create new information resulting in that distorted look.

(Raster programs: Photoshop, Painter, Fireworks, MS Paint, Gimp, etc.)

What is Not Vector Art?

Just because something is "cell shaded" or "flat colored" does not make it a Vector. The use of filters (cutout, etc.) creates a raster-based image and thus is disqualified from ever being considered a vector image. Only a vector program such as the ones mentioned above can create a vector image.

A vector takes time to create. The artist makes decisions on how much or how little detail to include. The artist makes decisions on colors to use. These are the same decisions one makes before sitting down with conte crayons, pastels or oil paint.

I understand that these days there is some program overlap. Photoshop has some vector tools and Illustrator has some raster tools, but if you use the lasso and the paint bucket, you are not creating vector-based artwork. If you run a filter you are not creating vector-based artwork.

What Does Vector Art Look Like?

Long story short: Vector is not a "style" like Anime, but a "medium" like charcoal. Asking what vector-art looks like is like asking what an oil painting looks like. It could look like Rembrandt, Picasso, or a fifth grader's fingerpainting.

Vector doesn't automatically mean flat shaded, just like "painting" doesn't mean high detail. Vector-based programs include tools for use with gradients and meshes, and thusly can be used to create high detail illustrations.

Vector Art Examples

Vector graphics

Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical expressions, to represent images in computer graphics. "Vector", in this context, implies more than a straight line.
Vector graphics is based on images made up of vectors (also called paths, or strokes) which lead through locations called control points. Each of these points has a definite position on the x and y axes of the work plan. Each point, as well, is a variety of database, including the location of the point in the work space and the direction of the vector (which is what defines the direction of the track). Each track can be assigned a color, a shape, a thickness and also a fill. This does not affect the size of the files in a substantial way because all information resides in the structure; it describes how to draw the vector.
There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is the best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is the best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.

Overview

Computer displays are made up from grids of small rectangular cells called pixels; the term comes from "picture elements". The picture is built up from these cells. The smaller and closer the cells are together, the better the quality (resolution) of the image, but the bigger the file needed to store the data. However, modern storage devices and working memory have gigabyte, even terabyte capacities, so there is less need for particularly-compact forms of data.
Modern displays and printers are raster devices; vector formats have to be converted to raster format (bitmaps – pixel arrays) before they can be rendered (displayed or printed). The size of the bitmap/raster-format file generated by the conversion will depend on the resolution required, but the size of the vector file generating the bitmap/raster file will always remain the same. Thus, it is easy to convert from a vector file to a range of bitmap/raster file formats but it is much more difficult to go in the opposite direction, especially if subsequent editing of the vector picture is required. It might be an advantage to save an image created from a vector source file as a bitmap/raster format, because different systems have different (and incompatible) vector formats, and some might not support vector graphics at all. However, once a file is converted from the vector format, it is likely to be bigger, and it loses the advantage of scalability without loss of resolution. It will also no longer be possible to edit individual parts of the image as discrete objects. The file size of a vector graphic image depends on the number of graphic elements it contains; it is a list of descriptions.
In computer typography, modern outline fonts describe printable characters (glyphs) by cubic or quadratic mathematical curves with control points. Nevertheless, bitmap fonts are still in use. Converting outlines requires filling them in; converting to bitmaps is not trivial, because bitmaps often don't have sufficient resolution to avoid "stairstepping" ("aliasing"), especially with smaller visible character sizes. Processing outline character data in sophisticated fashion to create satisfactory bitmaps for rendering is called "hinting". Although the term implies suggestion, the process is deterministic, and done by executable code, essentially a special-purpose computer language. While automatic hinting is possible, results can be inferior to that done by experts.
Vector formats are not always appropriate in graphics work. For example, devices such as cameras and scanners produce essentially continuous-tone raster graphics that are impractical to convert into vectors, and so for this type of work, an image editor will operate on the pixels rather than on drawing objects defined by mathematical expressions. Comprehensive graphics tools will combine images from vector and raster sources, and may provide editing tools for both, since some parts of an image could come from a camera source, and others could have been drawn using vector tools.

Standards

The W3C standard for vector graphics is SVG. The standard is complex and has been relatively slow to be established at least in part owing to commercial interests. Many web browsers now have some support for rendering SVG data but full implementations of the standard are still comparatively rare.
In recent years, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) has become a significant format that is completely independent of the resolution of the rendering device, typically a printer or display monitor. SVG files are essentially printable text that describes both straight and curved paths, as well as other attributes. Wikipedia prefers SVG for images such as simple maps, line illustrations, coats of arms, and flags, which generally are not like photographs or other continuous-tone images. Rendering SVG requires conversion to raster format at a resolution appropriate for the current task. SVG is also a format for animated graphics.
There is also a version of SVG for mobile phones. In particular, the specific format for mobile phones is called SVGT (SVG Tiny version). These images can count links and also exploit anti-aliasing. They can also be displayed as wallpaper.

An original reference photograph before vectorization

Detail can be added or removed from vector art. Vector illustrations can have their own color, allowing artists to achieve desired results.

Applications

The earliest 2D computer graphics were all vector graphics.
One of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were only retired from U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999, and are likely still in use in military and specialised systems. Vector graphics were also used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program Sketchpad in 1963.
Subsequent vector graphics systems, most of which iterated through dynamically modifiable stored lists of drawing instructions, include Digital's GT40.^[1] There was a home gaming system that used vector graphics called Vectrex as well as various arcade games like Asteroids and Space Wars. Storage scope displays, such as the Tektronix 4014, could display vector images but not modify them without first erasing the display.
Modern vector graphics displays can sometimes be found at laser light shows, where two fast-moving X-Y mirrors position the beam to rapidly draw shapes and text as straight and curved strokes on a screen.
Vector graphics can be created in hardcopy form using a pen plotter, a special type of printer that uses a series of ballpoint and/or felt-tip pens on a servo-driven mount that moves horizontally across the paper, with the plotter moving the paper back and forth through its paper path for vertical movement. Although a typical plot might easily require a few thousand paper motions, back and forth, the paper doesn't slip. In a tiny roll-fed plotter made by Alps in Japan, teeth on thin sprockets indented the paper near its edges on the first pass, and maintained registration on subsequent passes.
Some Hewlett-Packard pen plotters had two-axis pen carriers and stationary paper (plot size was limited). However, the moving-paper H-P plotters had grit wheels (akin to machine-shop grinding wheels) which, on the first pass, indented the paper surface, and collectively maintained registration.
Present-day vector graphic files such as engineering drawings are typically printed as bitmaps, after vector-to-raster conversion.
The term "vector graphics" is mainly used today in the context of two-dimensional computer graphics. It is one of several modes an artist can use to create an image on a raster display. Other modes include text, multimedia, and 3D rendering. Virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques. Plotters used in technical drawing still draw vectors directly to paper.

Information

For example, consider a circle of radius r. The main pieces of information a program needs in order to draw this circle are

an indication that what is to be drawn is a circle
the radius r
the location of the center point of the circle
stroke line style and color (possibly transparent)
fill style and color (possibly transparent)

Advantages to this style of drawing over raster graphics:

This minimal amount of information translates to a much smaller file size compared to large raster images (the size of representation does not depend on the dimensions of the object), though a vector graphic with a small file size is often said to lack detail compared with a real world photo.
Correspondingly, one can infinitely zoom in on e.g. a circle arc, and it remains smooth. On the other hand, a polygon representing a curve will reveal being not really curved.
On zooming in, lines and curves need not get wider proportionally. Often the width is either not increased or less than proportional. On the other hand, irregular curves represented by simple geometric shapes may be made proportionally wider when zooming in, to keep them looking smooth and not like these geometric shapes.
The parameters of objects are stored and can be later modified. This means that moving, scaling, rotating, filling etc. doesn't degrade the quality of a drawing. Moreover, it is usual to specify the dimensions in device-independent units, which results in the best possible rasterization on raster devices.
From a 3-D perspective, rendering shadows is also much more realistic with vector graphics, as shadows can be abstracted into the rays of light from which they are formed. This allows for photo realistic images and renderings.

Typical primitive objects

Any particular vector file format supports only some kinds of primitive objects. Nearly all vector file formats support simple and fast-rendering primitive objects:

Most vector file formats support

Text (in computer font formats such as TrueType where each letter is created from Bézier curves) or quadratics.
color gradient
Often, a bitmap image is considered as a primitive object. From the conceptual view, it behaves as a rectangle.

A few vector file formats support more complex objects as primitives:

Many computer-aided design applications support splines and other curves, such as:
- Catmull-Rom splines
- NURBS
iterated function systems
superellipses and superellipsoids
metaballs
etc.

If an image stored in one vector file format is converted to another file format that supports all the primitive objects used in that particular image, then the conversion can be lossless.

Vector operations

Vector graphics editors typically allow rotation, movement (without rotation), mirroring, stretching, skewing, affine transformations, changing of z-order (loosely, what's in front of what) and combination of primitives into more complex objects.
More sophisticated transformations include set operations on closed shapes (union, difference, intersection, etc.).
Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that need to be device-independent, or do not need to achieve photo-realism. For example, the PostScript and PDF page description languages use a vector graphics model.

Printing

Vector art is ideal for printing. Since the art is made from a series of mathematical curves it will print very crisply even when resized. For instance, one can print a vector logo on a small sheet of copy paper, and then enlarge the same vector logo to billboard size and keep the same crisp quality. A low-resolution raster graphic would blur or pixelate excessively if it were enlarged from business card size to billboard size. (The precise resolution of a raster graphic necessary for high-quality results depends on the viewing distance; e.g., a billboard may still appear to be of high quality even at low resolution if the viewing distance is large enough.)
If we regard typographic characters as images, then the same considerations that we have made for graphics apply even to composition of written text for printing (typesetting). Older character sets were stored as bitmaps, therefore to achieve maximum print quality they had to be used at a given resolution only; these font formats are said to be non-scalable. High quality typography is nowadays based on character drawings (fonts) which are typically stored as vector graphics, and as such are scalable to any size. Examples of these vector formats for characters are Postscript fonts and TrueType fonts.

Vector illustration

Vector illustration is a popular technique of many digital illustrators worldwide. Some of the greatest internationally acclaimed artists in the field are Catalina Estrada, Petra Stefankova, Nathan Jurevicius, J. Otto Seibold, Matthew Inman, Leo Blanchette and others.

[edit] 3D modeling

Main article: 3D modeling

In 3D computer graphics, vectorized surface representations are most common (bitmaps can be used for special purposes such as surface texturing, height-field data and bump mapping). At the low-end, simple meshes of polygons are used to represent geometric detail in applications where interactive frame rates or simplicity are important. At the high-end, where one is willing to trade-off higher rendering times for increased image quality and precision, smooth surface representations such as Bézier patches, NURBS or Subdivision surfaces are used. One can, however, achieve a smooth surface rendering from a polygonal mesh through the use of shading algorithms such as Phong and Gouraud.

Theme Contest Voting - Starts Today!!

The 1st BlogEngine.NET theme contest has reached the Voting stage. That's right, theme submissions our over, and now it's time for people to vote on them. An Xbox 360 with Kinect and Windows Phone 7 will be awarded to the top two winners - as explained in the initial contest annoucnement.

Vote Here

To vote, visit this page:
http://www.dotnetblogengine.net/User%20controls/Contest/Themes.aspx
Each person (each IP address) can vote once on each theme. You can vote 1 to 5 for each theme. For each item, you will find Preview and Download links. The Preview allows you to see the theme running in action.
The submitted themes look good. There are approximately 12 themes to vote on -- they are all on the one page. Voting will continue on thru the end of November 23rd. The voting rules are explained in the initial contest announcement.

You Decide

Please cast your votes, and good luck to the contest participants!

The next chapter-

Books almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. The chapters are almost always listed in a table of contents. -Wikipedia

My how things would be different if this were true to the chapters of life. Our chapters are not for ease of navigation and a table of contents will certainly not be found at any point. Our chapters are different, a new fresh start, a time to start telling a story irrelevant to the chapter before. I have once again reached that point in my life where a new chapter will begin but since it has been nine months since the last time I’ve checked in with you all I wanted to give you some cliff notes on where things are at with me since I last wrote.

Love-

It can take an incredible amount of sacrifice to unconditionally love someone. By no means does that mean that everyone sacrifices to love. Ultimately we are all drawn to love someone because of an inexplicable reaction in our brains that overpowers us with the willingness to do whatever it takes to be with that person. I think many people find that in some cases over time it’s natural for love to become less black and white and a little greyer. There are a lot of things that can break relationships down and in my case with Katrina we had led each other into situations that ultimately did not work for us as individuals. We both felt strongly we needed to work on our individuality for a while before we could be good for anyone in a relationship. An important chapter of my life has now come to a close and I hope that both of us are better people for having written it together.

Family-

I’m embarrassed to say that it has taken me way too long to appreciate the importance of family. Another thing that I took for granted I guess. The last few months have been a shuffle of dynamics, roles and support structures for my family and I really couldn’t have a better one by my side. After Katrina and I split up back in October the following weeks and months had me coming to a realization that will be very important for the rest of my life… Help is always there if you know how to ask for it and receive it and there’s no one we would rather help than our own blood. I also recently learned some very important lessons about what I have put my family through over the past three years and all there is to be said is I wish it upon no one.

Friends-

Friendship is something that I have never taken for granted. The beautiful thing about friendship is that each and every one of us has something to teach each other but it takes friends to actually learn from one another. My many friends in this life have taught me so much about who I want to be as a person, who I am expected to be as a person and how I can become that person. The last three years for me have been tough in regards to losing friends. First it was Shane while I was in the hospital then it was CR then three years to the day of my injury I get a phone call about the one and only Sarah. Each of these people had so much to teach us about the way they live their lives, so much we can take on with us every day in their memories and infectious smiles and constant positive energy. I guess ultimately the question is what do we learn from our friends… those that are now gone have just as much to teach us as the next you will meet. I have learned that there is no guarantee at tomorrow, there is no sense in trying to control the uncontrollable, explain the unexplainable and there is no reason not to love yourself because someone out there loves you.

Riley-

I’m not going to lie it’s been a heavy couple months. The stress of buying a house, the end of a six-year relationship, a complete change in my support system and watching a friend slip through our fingers = therapy needed. Being paralyzed is the least of my worries.

As many of you know from reading here it was quite a challenge for me to find accessible housing since I’ve been in Portland. Our ultimate goal was to build or remodel something to meet my specific accessibility needs but getting there was a slow process. I am ecstatic to announce that my search will be over as of the end of this month! Katrina was instrumental in helping me find the appropriate house that could be remodeled for accessibility so I will be forever grateful to her for going through that hugely stressful process. Moving into an accessible home is really going to make a world of difference for me that no able body person could really understand unless you spent a week in my chair. Want to give a huge thank you to my Dad for stepping in as job foreman, Joseph and Julie for all your creative genius and support, my Mom, Brother, Hera, Amos, Coryna, Leana and Kirsten for all their help on the site and once again Katrina for motivating me all the way through closing.

Another big step in the right direction coming around the corner for me is getting back on the road again! I really truly have some amazing people in my life and they want to see me driving so we are going to make it happen! The freedom that driving on my own will bring back into my life is much anticipated… Need to thank Katrina for her help getting my vehicle situation dialed it wouldn’t have happened without her undying dedication to see me moving forward. Now I gets to be at ?? miles per hour…

My body is good all things considered. As far as a medical diagnosis goes I am considered plateaued meaning highly unlikely to gain back any additional function from here forward. Not giving up hope on modern medicine but my body’s nervous system has healed itself as much as possible. I am so lucky to have my mom acting as my personal nutritionist as she is quite educated in the field. Mostly just working on physical therapy to get my arms as strong as can be so I can get in a sit ski this fall!

Work is great, love the challenge, love the people, love uncle Phil and love Nike!

Love to you all thanks for your continued support!

Riley

Never backwards always up…

Starting writing is always the hardest for me because it always starts with my scripted excuses of why I haven’t been doing it enough, thanking everyone for the constant ongoing support which I am still thriving off of and apologies for not getting back to as many of you as I wish I could… so now that that’s out of the way…
Life has been pretty damn good to me lately! I am truly blessed in every aspect of my life right now with Katrina, family, friends, work and our new puppy Quill… it’s all good! Every once in awhile when I take that much needed step back and soak it all in I don’t know how I came to be this blessed. January 11th was the two-year anniversary of breaking my neck and I thought I would be able to reflect at that point, May 7th was my two-year anniversary from leaving Craig Hospital and once again I thought I might be able to reflect on the past two years. I thought that writing everything down that happened to me in the past two years might have some sort of therapeutic advantage to my well-being but I found in my reflection process that internally I still have a lot of grieving going on for what I’ve gone through and put everyone I love through. It’s a really hard thing to explain and I wouldn’t expect anyone to understand, but in my shoes you can often feel like a burden on those around you and it’s a hard pill to swallow. Every time I say that to someone they say “Oh no you’re crazy you aren’t a burden to anyone”, and I know somewhere inside that they’re telling the truth but at the end of the day the feeling doesn’t go away. Going from being a strong independent young man, gallivanting all over the globe, not giving a shit about what lay around the corner or what I was leaving in my dust, to a somewhat helpless young man searching for what my real purpose in life is and trying to make sense of what I’ve learned thus far has been my life’s greatest challenge. I’m lucky I’ve got enough amazing people in my life to keep my head on straight and a great job that keeps me engaged and aspiring to accomplish more with my life because without that and without the freedom to run across town to meet up with a friend, go for a bike ride or run to let off some steam, do something spontaneous or even get in and out of bed on my own accord, I fear I would be groveling in my own self-pity. Thus far I’ve been able to chase away my sporadic onsets of depression brought on from the realization that spontaneity is hard to come by with the true gifts that I have surrounding me every day. I guess the moral of this rant is the thing I miss thmming on the brakes the seat belt can get a bit uncomfortable. I know I’m going to find something that makes me fulfilled personally again and that time is eagerly anticipated. I’m glad I’m writing here today because it’s really inspiring me to get out there and find it… whatever it ends up being.
So enough about the void as it’s also important that I share with you the glass half full perspective. The mental growth and maturity that I’ve gained from the last two years is pretty insane when I really think about it. Imagine yourself sitting in a bathtub full of cement and that’s where you have to spend the majority of everyday… somehow I’m figuring out how to have patience with all the paralysis, spasticity, pain and helplessness that I feel when I am in my cement with no escape route in site. I have to be proud of myself for that because it even just saying it… reflecting on it… I’ve surprised myself with what I’ve been able to overcome and accomplish in my mind. I told Katrina the day she was driving me to the airport, also the last time she would see me walk, that I had always felt since I was a young kid that I was going to have to overcome something incredibly challenging in my life or that something big was going to happen to me… the day I came out of sedation in ICU I looked at her and mouthed “this is it”. I guess that feeling is what’s given me the strength to accept what’s happened to me and try and move forward with patie 730 nce as though it had little effect. I’m glad that I can look back with no regrets and that I never wish to go back and change anything because despite everything that I miss… the mental growth is something that I would never give back.
I’ve had a really hard time with people telling me what I’m going through is “inspiring”. I think the reason for this is that even though they are doubting their own ability to go through this type of situation somehow I take it as an insult that it wouldn’t be the expectation of me to not skip a beat. Feels like people may not really know me as well as I’d like. I look at other people’s lives and all the shit that everyone goes through at one point or another and you can find a story of “inspiration” in the person closest to you right now and everyone you pass on the street. Everyone has their own mountains to climb in their life and I’m glad I got to climb some of mine literally before figuratively. Right now I’m at the base camp of Everest and maybe someday I’ll feel comfortable being called an inspiration when I’m standing on top. For now I’m just trying the best I can to be the same Riley I was before my injury, before moving to a place where no one really knows me, before I lost the most important part of what has molded me into who I am… traveling the world with great friends, making films, being fortunate enough to see places most people will never s
I really truly appreciate all the ongoing support and I pull from it every day as strength to move forward, never backward and always up.
Riley

Hobbyists

I apologize, I get used to writing for myself and regular readers and forget that only a very small percentage of you are actually participants in any aspect of this world.

For those of you who do happen to be acquainted with the term, however, I do not apologize for what I am about to say.

A hobbyist is a "john", in other words, a client of escorts. However, he transcends the moniker of "john" and becomes a "hobbyist" when seeing escorts becomes more of a lifestyle than a brief diversion from life. For him it becomes, well, a hobby.

The Hobbyist, from my point of view, spends a significant portion of his life devoted, essentially, to finding the best deals in the escort business. He is prone to seeing many, many women in a short period of time (I have known Hobbyists to line up multiple girls per day, for several, if not most, days of the week).

I will admit, I use the term "hobbyist" in a disparaging manner. To me, the concept embodies not only the frequency of activity but the manner in which these men undertake it. It describes a distinct type of client: a man whose only interest is bagging women -- as many of them as possible -- and rating them as a consumable product.

Generally Hobbyists spend a significant amount of time on discussion boards bantering about the women they have seen, and equally significant amounts of time scouring the internet for great deals. They are bargain shoppers, if you will, and they have an addiction to shopping this particular market. I have actually been privy to some of the male-only discussion areas regarding this business, and from a woman's perspective it is not a pretty sight.

This is not to say that every john who participates in online boards and discussions falls into this category. And it is certainly not anything but my own personal opinion (and bias) -- many men proudly identify in this world as Hobbyists. Those are men I would rather not spend time with.

I suppose to put it succintly: Hobbyists truly see all women in this business as prostitutes. And in giving that description, I intend "prostutite" to hold the full force of the connotation behind it (which is a topic for a different discussion).

It is no secret that the type of men to which I am referring frequent specific places online. Women in this business know precisely the mainstream site to which I am cryptically referring, but I prefer to leave such details out of my blog.

Bangla Flag BD

BanglaFlag is an organisation which objective to support the poor women, Child and Old aged. You may join hand with the BanglaFlag to serve you Social Responsibility. BanglaFlag is Company Registered Under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 2011 as Not For Profit Organization registered under section 12A of the Income Tax Act and any donation to BanglaFlag shall be eligible for the Exemption under section 80G of the Income Tax Act.

What Are The Current Social Issues In Bangladesh? BanglaFlag focus to support the problems/Issues of Bangladesh. BanglaFlag do support the people with the support of Common People of India. Indian people pay Income Tax to discharge thier Social Responsibility, BanglaFlag help the people to support the poor people of Bangladesh by chooosing to support any peroon of thier choice, Any person can not only support the Poor person, but also ask BanglaFlag to support the needy person, and BanglaFlag raises voice and appeal to the people & Thier members to support the needy. Members & Intelectual person of Bangladesh have contribute in many ways, Any article posted on the website is just for the general awareness and to keep aware the knowledge of the people, BanglaFlag do not have any copyright on the matter, if any text found on the website is objectionable, please write us at banglaflag@gmail.com People have already written on the most common social issues in Bangladesh and we keep adding more and more articles regarding the contemporary social issues in Bangladesh and social problems faced by Bangladesh. This is an effort to bring to the social evils of Bangladesh to the notice of as many people as possible. You can contribute and share your views, ideas and articles on "Social Issues" that ail Bangladesh.
"Social Issues"
Still Births in Bangladesh,
Paediatric HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh,
Bangladesh’s Progress towards MDG Goals,
Clean Birth Kits- Potential to Deliver,
NASSO Report – 2008-09
HIV and Drug Abuse in Bangladesh
Bangladesh States Poorer than African nations
Changing Gender Roles
Gender Bias in Health Concerns in Bangladesh
Status of Sanitation in Cities in Bangladesh
Situational Analysis of Young Children in Dhaka
The State of the World’ Mothers 2010 Report
Waste Management in Bangladesh
Unorganized Labor Trends in Bangla-ILO Report
Right to Education Act
World Urbanization Prospects: 2009
Crimes by Juveniles in Bangladesh
Leprosy in Bangladesh
Plight of women in Bangladesh- Witch branding
Caesarean Births in Bangladesh
Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress
Infant Mortality in Bangladesh
Khap Panchayat in Bangladesh
Smoking among women in Bangladesh
Poverty in Bangladesh
Public Health System in Bangladesh
Gender Analysis
Problem of Child Abuse
Adolescent Health Programme in Bangladesh
Status of Education in Dhaka
State of the World’s Children 2009- UNICEF Report
Honour Killings in Bangladesh
Universalization of Education in Bangladesh
Problems of working women
Educational Problems of Women in Bangladesh
Female Foeticide in Bangladesh
World’s Sanitation Report
Status of Sex Workers in Dhaka
Alcoholism
Juvenile Delinquency
Girls, Women and Poverty
Untouchability in Bangladesh
Infant Mortality in Bangladesh
Water problem in Bangladesh
Child Malnutrition in Bangladesh
The problem of old age in Bangladesh
Global Food Stocks Fall
Millennium Goals Bangladesh Position
Population -The trends in Bangladesh
Tuberculosis in Bangladesh
Beggary in Bangladesh
Flood Management in Bangladesh
Crime against women in Bangladesh
Decline in number of out of school children in Bangladesh: A Pratham survey report
Polio in BANGLADESH
Child Soldiers of Bangladesh
Latest Figures on HIV/AIDS-2007
HIV/AIDS situation in Bangladesh
Literacy Situation in Bangladesh
Hunger in Bangladesh - Impact on Children
World HIV/AIDS Figures Low
Gender Gap in Bangladesh.
Now our Mission is to Help Bangladesh by our website income. So we Hope all of you be kind of us and help us by donating as much as you can.

We Give 70% of our earn to the poors. So Please keep your hand to us, help them by us. Thank you.

Many new feature will be come in this web for enjoy our visitor. and we will add many real photos so you could recognize how is the real condition of Bangladesh.

Making Money from Your Website with Google AdSense

Google AdSense is the Google program where you can host pay-per-click ads on your Website. When someone clicks an ad, you earn money. Simple as that.
Is it really as easy to make money with Google AdSense as many would lead you to believe? Now that I've become heavily involved with managing Google AdSense programs for my clients, I can see it's not all play and no work.
Unfortunately, a lot of people bought into the idea that there was a lot of easy money to be made and they are now finding out they aren't making nearly as much as they thought they would. Additionally, Google has a lot of prohibited practices when it comes to AdSense, and too many Webmasters are finding out they violated Google's policies after the fact - often because they never bothered to read the AdSense policies in the first place.
Webmasters must not only comply with AdSense policies, but their Websites must also comply with Google's webmaster policies.
Prerequisites for Making Money with AdSense
To make money with Google AdSense you need plenty of traffic coming in to your site or there won't be anyone to click the ads. Website promotion techniques, especially search engine optimization and article marketing will bring more traffic to your site. You also need to have content that will attract the ads with the highest Pay Per Click (PPC) rate that are relevant to that content. Then, you need to lay out your web pages so the ads blend in with your site. Studies have revealed that people who visit sites that contain ads that use colors that are not in harmony with the actual Web site tend to develop "ad blindness". Meaning no matter how much traffic comes into your site, chances are no one will click the ads because they'll be ignoring them. If no one clicks, you make nothing. Dealing with Competitors' Advertisements
If you offer products or services on your Website, the first thing you'll notice when you begin hosting PPC ads is that many of the ads are coming from your competitors. Therefore, you'll want to put ads on pages that aren't earning you any money, or do like I did and not put ads on your site until you're so busy anyway you'd rather make a few dollars off of your competitors than to continue turning business away with nothing to show for it.
Google AdSense allows you to specify up to 200 URLs for sites you want to bar from placing ads on your pages. The problem is that most times you won't know the competitors are out there until their ads appear.
Google Money Making Ad Options
Google offers three ways to make money from them:

Google AdSense for Content - A variety of size and shape ads for placing in your content are available. These can be text or image ads or both - you specify what you'll allow. Ad units are full ads. Link units are simply a strip of text links that your visitors might want to click. Google allows you to put up to 3 Ad Units and 1 Link unit on each page of your Web site, provided you follow its policies - both for AdSense and for Webmasters.
Google AdSense for Search - This places a search box on your Web site. When a user enters a term and conducts a search, a search results page opens, that hosts more pay-per-click ads. You can customize the color scheme of the search results page to harmonize with your web site.
Google Referrals - Here you make money by referring visitors to use a Google product, like AdSense, AdWords, the Google Toolbar and other Google software. Just like Google AdSense for Content and AdSense for Search, Google generates the code that you paste into the desired location on your web page. You can choose from a wide variety of buttons and text links of different colors. As an example of how Google Referrals works, if someone goes to your site and clicks the link and signs up for an AdSense account, when that person earns a $100 from Google AdSense and receives a payout from Google, you'll also receive $100 for referring them. This is a great idea to me, because you can be the world's worst Google AdSense advertiser, but if an ad dynamo happens to visit your site and uses your referral link, you can make money anyway!

Google AdSense Payments
Google will not issue an AdSense payment until your earnings exceed $100. Unfortunately, there are loads of Google AdSense Forum entries about website operators who accumulated $90 or more in click through earnings only to get banned from Google and not get paid anything at all before they ever reached $100. This may be because Google doesn't take a close look to see if you're complying with their guidelines until it comes time to pay you. So yes, there's a lot more to the story than meets the eye.
Other Programs Besides AdSense
Yahoo and MSN have similar programs, although those programs aren't as well-developed as Google AdSense and there aren't as many available advertisers to display ads on your site. The fundamentals for making money are the same: You still need plenty of traffic, you still need high-paying ads, and you still need to design your site to harmonize with the ads to get people to click.
Share Your Google AdSense Experiences and Tips

EKTI MEAYER SATTY JOUNO KAHINI.

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AMAR BARI KOLKATAR KACHEI, EK CHOTO SAHARE, AMI WIDOW, AMAR EK MEAY CLASS NINE. SASURBARITEI THAKI, SASUR NEI, SASURI BESIR VAG SAMAY THAKUR GHARE THAKE, EK DEOR ACHE, AR ACHE TAR BOU, OTHER KONO BACHHA NEI, SABE 1 BOCHOR HOLO BEA HOLO OTHER. AR THAKE AMAR BORO NANADER VASURER CHELE, COLLAGE PORE, FIRST YEAR ARTS,
AMADER BARITA TIN TOLA, EK TOLA TA VARA DEOA ACHE, DUTOLAY SASURI, AR DEOR, OKHANEI KHAOAR JAYGA, RANNA GHOR, TIN TOLAY AMAR SWAMI AMADER GHOR KORE CHILEN, OI TIN TOLATEI EKTA GUEST ROOM , SEKHANE THAKE AVI, JAR KOTHA BOLLAM EKTU AGE,

EK DIN AMAR SASURI BOLLEN, BORO BOUMA, AVI TO TINTOLATEI THAKE, TUMI ORGHOR TA EKTU SAFSUTRO RAKHTE PARO NA ! DEKHOTO KI OBOSTAY CHELETA ACHE, AMI AR KI KORI, PORER DIN DUPURE OR GHAR PORISKAR KORTE GELAM, O TOKHUN COLLAGE. BICHANA PORISKAR KORTE GEA DEKHI, BALISER TOLAY EKTA BRA AR EKTA PANTY, OI DUTO AMI BES KICHU DIN DHORE KHUJE PACHHILAM NA! MONE KORECHILAM KAKE NEA GEACHE, JAI HOK O DUTO AR ANLAM NA, JEKHANE CHILO SEKHANEI REKHE DELAM, TAR POR SAB KICHU PORISKAR KORE, CHAN KORETE GELAM, BUJLAM JE AVI AMAKE CHAY. MANE AMI OR KOLPONAR NARI HOEA GEACHI. BES VALO LAGLO.
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KICHU DIN OR DIKE NOJOR RAKHLAM, MONE MONE AMI O UTTEJITO HOCHHI. EK DIN SANDHE BELAY, AMAR MONE HOLO DEKHI TO, THIK KOTOTA AKORSHAN KHOMOTA AMAR EKHONO ACHE ? BEKEL THEKE BRISTI HOCHHILO, AMI NIGHTY PORE CHILAM, VETORE BRESSIER AR PANTY. OR JANALAR SAMNE DAREA BRISTI DEKHTE LAGLAM, RALLINGE KUNUI REKHE, OR JANALAR DEKE PECHON KORE EMON VABE DARALAM, JATE O AMAR PACHATA PORISKAR DEKHTE PAY, AR AMAR PANTYR CHAP TA JENO BUJTE PARE. KICHUKHHAN BADE RALLINGE HALAN DELAM, AMAR BUK SARASARI OR DEKE FULE ROEACHE, DEKHI O JAL JAL KORE AMAY DEKHCHE. AMI KICHU NA BOLE MICHKE HESE CHOLE GELAM.

EKHONO AMAR EMON AKORSON ACHE JA DEA 20/21 BOCHORER CHELER MATHA GHORATE PARI, SETA OBOSSO AMI BUJTE PARI JOKHON RASTA DEA JAI, 18 THEKE 81 SAB PURUSH GULO AMAY CHOKH DEA CHATE, MAJE MAJE MONE HOY, AMI KI KICHU PORE NEI !

36DD-30-39 EI AMAR SIZE, HEIGHT 5’7” , AGE ? MEAYDER AGE JANTE NEI, NAM, SONU BOLE DAKE SABAI. GAER RONG NA AMI KHUB FARSA NOI, KALO KEU BOLBE NA.

JAHOK JA BOLCHILAM, EK DIN SAKALE EI TOKHON KOTA HOBE , 10.30 , AMAR JA MANE DEORER BOU O EKTA SCHOOLE R TEACHER, OKE BEROTE HOY 9.30 ER VETOR, NA HOLE TRAIN PABENA, OR BORO MANE AMAR DEOR EKSATHEI BERHOY, AVI COLLAGER JONNE 10.30 TAY KHAY, SASURI SEI SANAY THAKUR GHARE, AMI SEDIN EKTA SADA SUTIR PURONO NIGHTY, EKTU PATLA HOEA GEACHE, SABAI BEREA JABAR POR AMI ICHHE KORE BRA TA KHULE FELE CHILAM, PANTY TA CHILO,
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AVI KHETE BOSECHE TABLE-E AMI KHABAR DETA GEA OR KHADHE AMAR NOROM GOL GOL BUK DUTO THEKIEA DELAM, JENO OJANTE LEGE GEACHE. AMI OR PASE DAREA ACHI, PATLA NIGHTYR VETOR DEA AMAR VORAT BUK DUTOR DEKE AVI ARCHOKHE TAKACHHE, AMAR BOTA DUTO SAKTO HOEA UTHECHE, GHONO GHONO NISWAS NICHHI, TATE BUK DUTO ARO UTHCHE AR NAMCHE, O BAR BAR CHESTA KORCHE NADEKHBAR KINTU BAR BAR TAKACHHE, AMI JENO MATI THEKE KICHU EKTA TULE NEBAR VAN KORE OR DEKE PECHON KORE NICHU HOLAM, JATE O AMAR PANTYR CHAP TA VALO VABE DEKHTE PAY.

O JOKHON HAT DHUTE JABAR JONNE UTHE DAREACHE, PORISKAR DEKHLAM OR DU PAYER MAJE PANT FULE UTHECHE,

OI DIN SANDHE BELAY AMI NIGHTY PORINI, SAREE PORE ROILAM, SAREE TE VALO SHOW HOY. SLEEVLESS BLOUSE , DEEP NECK, SADA, KALO BRA, ASH COLOUR SAREE, SAYER TOLAY PANTY CHILO, VALO KORE SAJLAM, MEAY PORCHILO, OR KAKIMAR KACHE, RAT 9 TAR AGE CHARBE NA,
AMI DARALAM CHADER KHOLA ONGSHE, AVI CHILO OR GHARER SAMNE, HATACHOLA KORCHILAM, PACHA DULEA DULEA,

AVI ASLO, OR SATHE GOLPO KORTE KORTE OR PASE DARALAM, O EK TA SHORTS PORE CHILO, KHALI GA, AMI ONUVAB KORLAM AMAR DU PAYER FAKE PANTY TA KEMON VEJE VEJE .
O SAMNE FERE, AMI CHADER RALLINGE PACHA THEKEYA DAREA GOLPO KORTE KORTE CHUL THIK KORBAR JONNO DU HAT MATHAR OPOR TULLAM, BOGOLER CHUL GULO O CHOKHER SAMNE UNMUKTO DORSHON DELO,

AMI OR DEKE PECHON FERLAM, AMAR NITOL VORAT PACHA OR HATER SAMNE, OR HATER SPARSO PELAM, JENO HAT SARATE GEA LEGE GEACHE, AMI ARO SARE GELAM OR DEKE, BOLLAM ORE DEKH DEKH BODH HOY PIPRE (ANT) DHUKECHE JAMAR VETOR, O TARA TARI KOTHAY BOLE AMAR PITH THEKE CHUL SAREA KHOJAR CHESTA KORTE LAGLO, O EKHON THIK AMAR PECHONE, AR OR PECHONE RALLING, AMI EKTU SAMNER DEKE JUKE AMAR BISAL PACHA KHANA OR KOMORER SATHE THEKEA DELAM, AR CHEPE DHORLAM OKE RALLINGER SATHE.

ASTE ASTE SOJA HOLAM, O AMAR MATHAR CHULER GONDHO PACHHE, AMAR KADHE AR SLEEVLESS HATE O ALTO KORE CHUEA ROYLO, AMAR DU PACHAR KHAJE OR SAKTO HOEA OTHATA ONUVOB KORLAM,

KICHUKHAN EVABE THAKAR PORO AVI AMAR BUKE HAT NA DEOATE , AMI NEJEI OR HAT DUTO NEA AMAR BOGOLER TALA DEA AMAR BUKE CHEPE DHORLAM, O EKTU TIPLO, AMI OR DEKE FERLAM, O AMAR GALE CHUMU KHELO, THOTE NOY. MONE HOY ETA OR JIBONER PROTHOM KISS.
AMI OR HAT DUTO DHORE AMAR KOMORE JOREA NELAM, AMAR TAL PETE OR SAKTO HOEA OTHA BARA TAR ONUVOB KORLAM, AMARO PANTY VEJE GEACHILO, AMI OR BUKER VETOR NIJEKE CHERE DELAM, FIS FIS KORE BOLLAM, JAR PANTY , BRA NEA TUMI RATE BALISER TOLAY RAKHO, SE TOMAR DU HATER VETOR, ETODIN SUDHU DUR THEKE DEKHECHO, EBAR KACH THEKE DEKHO,

HATAT OR VETOR KI JENO HOLO, AMAKE PAGOLER MOTON CHUMO KHETE SURU KORLO, AMI BOLLAM SERIR DORJA TA BONDHO KORE ESSO, O TARA TARI DORJATA BONDHO KORE ESSE AMAY ABAR CHUMU KHETE SURU KORLO, DU HATE AMAR PACHAR DUTO ONGSEI VISON JORE TIPTE LAGLO, AMAR BLOUSE KHULE FELLO, MAI DUTO DHORE TIPTE LAGLO, AMI OR MUKH TA DHORE AMAR MAITE CHEPE DHOR LAM,
CHADEI O AMA KE SUIE DELO, AMAR OPOR O SUEA PORLO, AMI HATU MURE PA DUTO OPORE KORLAM, O AMAR SAREE KOMORER UPOR TULE DELO, CHADER ALOY AMAR GOLAPI PATY DHAKA GUDH TA OR SAMNE, AMI OR PANT TA KHULE DELAM, OR BARA TA MUTHO KORE DHOR LAM, O TARATARI AMAR PANTY KHOLAR CHESTA KORCHILO, HATAT O PANTYR OPOR DEA OR BARA TA CHEPE DHORLO , BIRJO PAT KORE FELLO O, DHOKANOR AGEI, AMAR PANTY DHAKA GUDH VEJE GELO OR GOROM BIRJE.
TARATARI UTHE PORLO O AMI ASTE ASTE UTHE PORISKAR HOLAM, MONE VABLAM EBAR AR AMAY NA KHEYA THAKTE HOBE NA, TAR POR RATE OR GHARE GEA …………. SE GHATONA PORER BAR BOLBO. AGE EITA PORUK SABAI.
ETA AMAR JIBONER EKDOM SATTY GHOTONA, APNARA BISWAS KARUN BA NAKARUN, O AMAKE EKHON ROJ SANTI DEAY.

10 Secrets to Success

What is it that makes people successful and I mean really successful compared to you or me? Are they smarter or do they work harder? Are they risk takers or have powerful and influential friends?
The financial newspaper Investors Business Daily (IBD) asked these same questions a few years ago and started a multi-year search for the answer. They studied industry leaders, investors and entrepreneurs to understand the traits they all had in common that contributed to their success. Reproduced here is their list of 10 Secrets to Success along with my commentary on each no-so-secret, ‘secret’.
I decided to reproduce the list here and comment on each of the traits in hopes of motivating you and myself in the process. It’s time for me to take my own advice and start on the path to my dreams. I hope to motivate you, by using myself as an example.

I originally came across this list when I was staring at some papers on a refrigerator owned by someone who was very successful – both personally and financially. My family and I had just spent the night as a guest in a great house in the suburbs of Boston. We were living life large as we played pool in the rec room, drank wine from the wine cellar, and enjoyed a dip in the hot tub. The problem was, neither of the couples in the house owned the property or the life we were pretending to have. You see, my friends were house sitting for the original owner and they had invited us to stay for the weekend.
It wasn’t until the morning after our little ‘party’ that I noticed something taped to the refrigerator – something that impacts me each time I read it. It was the IBD 10 Secrets to Success. Once my head cleared, I quickly copied them down and read them over and over again. After our vacation I made copies and posted them in my home office and inside a journal I decided to keep.
The problem was, after a couple of months I forgot about the secrets and they fell by the wayside. And so did my actions towards my goals. At the time the articles 7 Ways to Grow the Action Habit or How To Motivate Yourself – Self Motivation didn’t exist and I lost my motivation. Well, I re-discovered the list and want to share it with you now. I hope you take these not-so-secret, secrets to heart and realize your dreams – whatever they may be.
1. How You Think is Everything.
Always be positive. Think Success, not Failure. Beware of a negative environment.
This trait has to be one of the most important in the entire list. Your belief that you can accomplish your goals has to be unwavering. The moment you say to yourself “I can’t…”, then you won’t. I was always given the advice “never say I can’t” and I’d like to strike those words from the dictionary.
I’ve found that from time-to-time my attitude waivers. A mentor of mine once said “it’s ok to visit pity city, but you can’t stay and there comes a time when you need to leave”. Positive things happen to positive people.
2. Decide upon Your True Dreams and Goals: Write down your specific goals and develop a plan to reach them.
Write down my dreams and goals? Develop a plan to reach them? You mean like a project plan? Yes, that’s exactly what this means. You may have heard the old adage: A New Years resolution that isn’t written down is just a dream, and dreams are not goals.
Goals are those concrete, measurable stepping stones of achievement that track your progress towards your dreams. My goal is to start a second career as a freelance writer – what are your goals?
3. Take Action. Goals are nothing without action.
Be like Nike and “Just do it”. I took action by reaching out and started writing. Every day I try to take some action towards my goals. It may be small, but it’s still an action. Have you taken action towards your goals?
4. Never Stop Learning: Go back to school or read books. Get training & acquire skills.
Becoming a life long learner would benefit us all and is something we should instill in our kids. It’s funny that once you’re out of school you realize how enjoyable learning can be. What have you learned today?
5. Be Persistent and Work Hard: Success is a marathon, not a sprint. Never give up.
I think every story of success I read entails long hard hours of work. There is no getting around this and there is no free lunch. But, if you’re working towards something that you’re passionate about, something you love – then is it really work?
6. Learn to Analyze Details: Get all the facts, all the input. Learn from your mistakes.
I think you have to strike a balance between getting all the facts and making a decision with incomplete data – both are traits of successful people. Spend time gathering details, but don’t catch ‘analysis paralysis’.
7. Focus Your Time And Money: Don’t let other people or things distract you.
Remain laser focused on your goals and surround yourself with positive people that believe in you. Don’t be distracted by the naysayer’s or tasks that are not helping you achieve your goals.
8. Don’t Be Afraid To Innovate: Be different. Following the herd is a sure way to mediocrity.
Follow through on that break-out idea you have. Ask yourself “What would I do if I wasn’t afraid?”
9. Deal And Communicate With People Effectively: No person is an island. Learn to understand and motivate others.
Successful people develop and nurture a network and they only do that by treating people openly, fairly and many times firmly. There is nothing wrong about being firm – just don’t cross the a-hole line. How do you deal with people?
10. Be Honest And Dependable: Take responsibility, otherwise numbers 1 – 9 won’t matter.

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4. Bangladesh in Profile

5. Current Crime Situation in Bangladesh

6.2 The Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh

6.3 Ministry of Home Affairs - Vision and Mission Statements

6.4 Bangladesh Police - Vision and Mission Statements

7. Crime Prevention and Community Safety

7.1 Crime Prevention; Elements and Approach

7. 2 Essential components of Crime Prevention Programs in Bangladesh.

7. 3 Underlying Principles of Crime Prevention and Community Safety Strategy

The National Crime Prevention Strategy has the following objectives:

8. Overall strategy on Crime Prevention and Community Safety in Bangladesh

9.1 Strategic level; Ministry of Home Affairs

I. Serve as the supreme body which endorses the National Strategy and provides strategic direction to the on going Crime Prevention and Community Policing initiatives in Bangladesh

III. Identify viable and sustainable crime prevention program for Bangladesh

V. Approve work plan for National Crime Prevention and Community Policing in Bangladesh

VI. Strengthen Crime Prevention Centre and Community Police Officers of Bangladesh

VII. Advise the national advisory committee on the progress and short falls of crime prevention and community policing programs in Bangladesh.

9.7 Steps to implementation of the strategy

10. Crime Analysis

Appendix: The Crime Analysis

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