India’s story is one of the grand epics of world history. Throughout
thousands of years of great civilisations, invasions, the birth of
religions and countless cataclysms, India has time and again proved
itself to be, in the words of its first prime minister, Jawaharlal
Nehru, ‘a bundle of contradictions held together by strong but invisible
threads’. Indian history has always been a work-in-progress, a constant
process of reinvention and accumulation that can prove elusive for
those seeking to grasp its essential essence. And yet, from its myriad
upheavals, a vibrant, diverse and thoroughly modern nation has emerged,
as enduring as it is dynamic and increasingly well equipped to meet the
challenges of the future.
Indus valley civilisation
The Indus Valley, straddling the modern India–Pakistan border, is the cradle of civilisation on the Indian subcontinent. The first inhabitants of this land were nomadic tribes who cultivated land and kept domestic animals; indeed, it is no leap of the imagination to wonder whether in some parts of rural India, little has changed. Over thousands of years, an urban culture began to emerge from these tribes, particularly from 3500 BC. By 2500 BC large cities were well established, the focal points of what became known as the Harappan culture, which would flourish for more than 1000 years.
The great cities of the Mature Harappan period were Moenjodaro and Harappa (both excavated in the 1920s) in present-day Pakistan, and Lothal near Ahmedabad. Lothal can still be visited and from the precise, carefully laid-out street plan, some sense of this sophisticated 4500-year-old civilisation is still evident. Harappan cities often had a separate acropolis, suggesting a religious function, and the great tank at Moenjodaro may have been used for ritual bathing purposes. The major Harappan cities were also notable for their size – estimates put the population of Moenjodaro as high as 40,000 to 50,000.
By the middle of the 3rd millennium BC the Indus Valley culture was the equal of other great civilisations emerging at the time. The Harappans traded with Mesopotamia, and developed a system of weights and measures and a highly developed art in the form of terracotta and bronze figurines. Recovered relics, including models of bullock carts and jewellery, offer the earliest evidence of a distinctive Indian culture. Indeed, many elements of Harappan culture would later become assimilated into Hinduism: clay figurines found at these sites suggest worship of a Mother goddess (later personified as Kali) and a male three-faced god sitting in the attitude of a yogi (the prehistoric Shiva) attended by four animals. Black stone pillars (associated with phallic worship of Shiva) and animal figures (the most prominent being the humped bull; later Shiva’s mount) have also been discovered.
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Early invasions & the rise of religions
The Harappan civilisation fell into decline from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Some historians attribute the end of the empire to floods or decreased rainfall, which threatened the Harappans’ agricultural base. The more enduring, if contentious, theory is that an Aryan invasion put paid to the Harappans, despite little archaeological proof or written reports in the ancient Indian texts to that effect. As a result, some nationalist historians argue that the Aryans (from a Sanskrit word meaning noble) were in fact the original inhabitants of India and that the invasion theory was actually invented by self-serving foreign conquerors. Others say that the arrival of Aryans was more of a gentle migration that gradually subsumed Harappan culture.
Those who defend the invasion theory believe that from around 1500 BC Aryan tribes from Afghanistan and Central Asia began to filter into northwest India. Despite their military superiority, their progress was gradual, with successive tribes fighting over territory and new arrivals pushing further east into the Ganges plain. Eventually these tribes controlled northern India as far as the Vindhya Hills. Many of the original inhabitants of northern India, the Dravidians, were pushed south.
The Hindu sacred scriptures, the Vedas, were written during this period of transition (1500–1200 BC) and the caste system became formalised.
As the Aryan tribes spread across the Ganges plain in the late 7th century BC, many were absorbed into 16 major kingdoms, which were, in turn, amalgamated into four large states. Out of these states arose the Nanda dynasty, which came to power in 364 BC, ruling over huge swathes of North India.
During this period, the Indian heartland narrowly avoided two invasions from the west which, if successful, could have significantly altered the path of Indian history. The first was by the Persian king Darius (521–486 BC), who annexed Punjab and Sindh (on either side of the modern India–Pakistan border). Alexander the Great advanced to India from Greece in 326 BC, but his troops refused to go beyond the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh. Alexander turned back without ever extending his power into India itself.
The period is also distinguished by the rise of two of India’s most significant religions, Buddhism and Jainism, which arose around 500 BC. Both questioned the Vedas and condemned the caste system, although, unlike the Buddhists, the Jains never denied their Hindu heritage and their faith never extended beyond India.
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The Mauryan Empire & its aftermath
If the Harappan culture was the cradle of Indian civilisation, Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the first great Indian empire. He came to power in 321 BC, having seized the throne from the Nandas, and he soon expanded the empire to include the Indus Valley previously conquered by Alexander.
From its capital at Pataliputra (modern-day Patna), the Mauryan empire encompassed much of North India and reached as far south as modern-day Karnataka. The Mauryas were capable of securing control over such a vast realm through the use of an efficient bureaucracy, organised tiers of local government and a well-defined social order consisting of a rigid caste system.
The empire reached its peak under emperor Ashoka. Such was Ashoka’s power to lead and unite that after his death in 232 BC no-one could be found to hold the disparate elements of the Mauryan empire together. The empire rapidly disintegrated and collapsed altogether in 184 BC.
None of the empires that immediately followed could match the stability or enduring historical legacy of the Mauryans. The Sungas (184–70 BC), Kanvas (72–30 BC), Shakas (from 130 BC) and Kushanas (1st century BC until 1st century AD, and into the 3rd century in a diminished form) all had their turn, with the latter briefly ruling over a massive area of North India and Central Asia.
Despite the multiplicity of ruling powers, this was a period of intense development. Trade with the Roman Empire (overland, and by sea through the southern ports) became substantial during the 1st century AD; there was also overland trade with China.
The Golden Age Of The Guptas
The empires that followed the Mauryans may have claimed large areas of Indian territory as their own, but many secured only nominal power over their realms. Throughout the subcontinent, small tribes and kingdoms effectively controlled territory and dominated local affairs.
In AD 319 Chandragupta I, the third king of one of these tribes, the little-known Guptas, came to prominence by a fortuitous marriage to the daughter of one of the most powerful tribes in the north, the Liccavis. The Gupta empire grew rapidly and under Chandragupta II (r 375–413) achieved its greatest extent. The Chinese pilgrim Fahsien, visiting India at the time, described a people ‘rich and contented’, ruled over by enlightened and just kings.
Poetry, literature and the arts flourished, with some of the finest work done at Ajanta, Ellora, Sanchi and Sarnath. Towards the end of the Gupta period, Hinduism became the dominant religious force and its revival eclipsed Jainism and Buddhism; the latter in particular went into decline and, deprived of Ashoka’s patronage, would never again be India’s dominant religion.
The invasions of the Huns at the beginning of the 6th century signalled the end of this era, and in 510 the Gupta army was defeated by the Hun leader Toramana. Power in North India again devolved to a number of separate Hindu kingdoms.
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The Hindu South
Southern India has always laid claim to its own unique history. Insulated by distance from the political developments in the north, a separate set of powerful kingdoms emerged, among them the Shatavahanas (who ruled over central India while the Kushanas held sway in the north), Kalingas and Vakatakas. But it was from the tribal territories on the fertile coastal plains that the greatest southern empires – the Cholas, Pandyas, Chalukyas, Cheras and Pallavas – came into their own.
The Chalukyas ruled mainly over the Deccan region of central India, although their power occasionally extended further north. With a capital at Badami in modern-day Karnataka, they ruled from 550 to 753 before falling to the Rashtrakutas. An eastern branch of the Chalukyas, with its capital at Kalyani in Karnataka, rose and ruled again from 972 to 1190.
In the far south, the Pallavas pioneered Dravidian architecture with its exuberant, almost baroque, style. The surviving architectural high points of Pallava rule are to be found in the shore temple and Five Rathas in Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), the temples of the erstwhile Pallava capital at Kanchipuram and the Rock Fort Temple at Trichy (Tiruchirappalli).
The south’s prosperity was based on long-established trading links with other civilisations, among them the Egyptians and Romans. In return for spices, pearls, ivory and silk, the Indians received Roman gold. Indian merchants also extended their influence to Southeast Asia. In 850 the Cholas rose to power and superseded the Pallavas. They soon set about turning the south’s far-reaching trade influence into territorial conquest. Under the reign of Raja Raja Chola I (985–1014) they controlled almost the whole of South India, the Deccan plateau, Sri Lanka, parts of the Malay peninsula and the Sumatran-based Srivijaya kingdom.
Not all of their attention was focused overseas, however, and the Cholas left behind some of the finest examples of Dravidian architecture, most notably the sublime Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur and Chidambaram’s stunning Nataraja Temple. Both Thanjavur and Chidambaram served as Chola capitals.
Throughout, Hinduism remained the bedrock of South Indian culture.
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The Muslim North
While South India guarded its resolutely Hindu character, North India was convulsed by Muslim armies invading from the northwest.
In the vanguard of Islamic expansion was Mahmud of Ghazni. Today, Ghazni is a nondescript little town between Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan. But in the early years of the 11th century, Mahmud turned it into one of the world’s most glorious capital cities, which he funded by plundering his neighbours’ territories. From 1001 to 1025 Mahmud conducted 17 raids into India, most infamously on the famous Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat. The Hindu force of 70, 000 died trying to defend the temple, which eventually fell in early 1026. In the aftermath of his victory, Mahmud, not particularly intent on acquiring new territory at this stage, transported a massive haul of gold and other booty back to his capital. These raids effectively shattered the balance of power in North India, allowing subsequent invaders to claim the territory for themselves.
Following Mahmud’s death in 1033, Ghazni was seized by the Seljuqs and then fell to the Ghurs of western Afghanistan, who similarly had their eyes on the great Indian prize. The Ghur style of warfare was brutal – the Ghur general, Ala-ud-din, was known as ‘Burner of the World’.
In 1191 Mohammed of Ghur advanced into India. Although defeated in a major battle against a confederacy of Hindu rulers, he returned the following year and routed his enemies. One of his generals, Qutb-ud-din, captured Delhi and was appointed governor; it was during his reign that the great Delhi landmark, the Qutb Minar complex, was built. A separate Islamic empire was established in Bengal and within a short time almost the whole of North India was under Muslim control.
Following Mohammed’s death in 1206, Qutb-ud-din became the first sultan of Delhi. His successor, Iltutmish, brought Bengal back under central control and defended the empire from an attempted Mongol invasion. Ala-ud-din Khilji came to power in 1296 and pushed the borders of the empire inexorably south, while simultaneously fending off further attacks by the Mongols.
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North meets South
Ala-ud-din died in 1320, and Mohammed Tughlaq ascended the throne in 1324. In 1328 Tughlaq took the southern strongholds of the Hoysala empire, which had centres at Belur, Halebid and Somnathpur. India was Tughlaq’s for the taking.
However, while the empire of the pre-Mughal Muslims would achieve its greatest extent under Tughlaq’s rule, his overreaching ambition also sowed the seeds of its disintegration. Unlike his forebears (including great rulers such as Ashoka), Tughlaq dreamed not only of extending his indirect influence over South India, but of controlling it directly as part of his empire.
After a series of successful campaigns Tughlaq decided to move the capital from Delhi to a more central location. The new capital was called Daulatabad and was near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. Not a man of half measures, Tughlaq sought to populate the new capital by force-marching the entire population of Delhi 1100km south, resulting in great loss of life. However, he soon realised that this left the north undefended and so the entire capital was moved north again. The superb hilltop fortress of Daulatabad stands as the last surviving monument to his megalomaniac vision.
The days of the Ghur empire were numbered. The last of the great sultans of Delhi, Firoz Shah, died in 1388 and the fate of the sultanate was sealed when Tamerlane (Timur) made a devastating raid from Samarkand (in Central Asia) into India in 1398. Tamerlane’s sacking of Delhi was truly merciless; some accounts say his soldiers slaughtered every Hindu inhabitant.
After Tughlaq’s withdrawal from the south, several splinter kingdoms arose. The two most significant were the Islamic Bahmani sultanate, which emerged in 1345 with its capital at Gulbarga, and later Bidar, and the Hindu Vijayanagar empire, founded in 1336 with its capital at Hampi. The battles between the two were among the bloodiest communal violence in Indian history and ultimately resolved nothing in the two centuries before the Mughals ushered in a more enlightened age.
The Mughals
Even as Vijayanagar was experiencing its last days, the next great Indian empire was being founded. The Mughal empire was massive, and covered, at its height, almost the entire subcontinent. Its significance, however, lay not only in its size. Mughal emperors presided over a golden age of arts and literature and had a passion for building that resulted in some of the finest architecture in India. In particular, Shah Jahan’s sublime Taj Mahal ranks as one of the wonders of the world.
The founder of the Mughal line, Babur (r 1526–30), was a descendant of both Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. In 1525, armed with this formidable lineage, he marched into Punjab from his capital at Kabul. With technological superiority brought by firearms, and consummate skill in simultaneously employing artillery and cavalry, Babur defeated the numerically superior armies of the sultan of Delhi at the Battle of Panipat in 1526.
Despite this initial success, Babur’s son, Humayun (r 1530–56) was defeated by a powerful ruler of eastern India, Sher Shah, in 1539 and forced to withdraw to Iran. Following Sher Shah’s death in 1545, Humayun returned to claim his kingdom, eventually conquering Delhi in 1555. He died the following year and was succeeded by his young son Akbar (r 1556–1605) who, during his 49-year reign, managed to extend and consolidate the empire until he ruled over a mammoth area.
True to his name, Akbar (which means ‘great’ in Arabic) was probably the greatest of the Mughals, for he not only had the military ability required of a ruler at that time, but was also a just and wise ruler and a man of culture. He saw, as previous Muslim rulers had not, that the number of Hindus in India was too great to subjugate. Although Akbar was no saint – reports of massacres of Hindus at Panipat and Chitrod tarnish his legacy – he remains known for integrating Hindus into his empire and skilfully using them as advisers, generals and administrators. Akbar also had a deep interest in religious matters, and spent many hours in discussion with religious experts of all persuasions, including Christians and Parsis.
Jehangir (r 1605–27) ascended to the throne following Akbar’s death. Despite several challenges to the authority of Jehangir himself, the empire remained more or less intact. In periods of stability Jehangir took the opportunity to spend time in his beloved Kashmir, eventually dying en route there in 1627. He was succeeded by his son, Shah Jahan (r 1627–58), who secured his position as emperor by executing all male relatives who stood in his way. During his reign, some of the most vivid and permanent reminders of the Mughals’ glory were constructed; in addition to the Taj Mahal, he also oversaw the construction of the mighty Red Fort in Delhi and converted the Agra Fort into a palace that would later become his prison.
The last of the great Mughals, Aurangzeb (r 1658–1707), imprisoned his father (Shah Jahan) and succeeded to the throne after a two-year struggle against his brothers. Aurangzeb devoted his resources to extending the empire’s boundaries, and thus fell into much the same trap as that of Mohammed Tughlaq some 300 years earlier. He, too, tried moving his capital south (to Aurangabad) and imposed heavy taxes to fund his military. A combination of decaying court life and dissatisfaction among the Hindu population at inflated taxes and religious intolerance weakened the Mughal grip.
The empire was also facing serious challenges from the Marathas in central India and, more significantly, the British in Bengal. With Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the empire’s fortunes rapidly declined, and Delhi was sacked by Persia’s Nadir Shah in 1739. Mughal ‘emperors’ continued to rule right up until the Indian Uprising in 1857, but they were emperors without an empire.
Getting India & away - Travel
Travel documents Tickets
An onward or return air ticket is a condition of the tourist visa, so few visitors buy international tickets inside India. Only designated travel agents can book international flights, but fares are normally the same if you book directly with the airlines. The cheapest time to visit is generally the monsoon (June to August). The departure tax of Rs 500 (Rs 150 for most South and Southeast Asian countries) and the Rs 200 passenger service fee is included in the price of almost all tickets.
***NB: Conditions have recently changed for Indian tourist visas. For more information, see our Visas section.
Contact a travel agent or surf the web to get up-to-the-minute fares and flight schedules. Advertisements for discount travel agencies appear in the travel pages of major newspapers and listings magazines. Note that fares on airline websites are sometimes just as cheap as going through an agent. Alternatively, try the following international online ticket agencies:
Ebookers (www.ebookers.com)Expedia (www.expedia.com)
Flight Centre International (www.flightcentre.com)
Flights.com (www.tiss.com)
STA Travel (www.statravel.com)
Travelocity (www.travelocity.com)
Sea
There are several sea routes between India and surrounding islands but none leave Indian sovereign territory. There has been talk of a passenger ferry service between southern India and Colombo in Sri Lanka but this has yet to materialise. Inquire locally to see if there has been any progress.
Land
Border crossings
Although most visitors fly into India, the overland route from Nepal is extremely popular and smaller numbers of travellers enter India from Pakistan and Bangladesh. For more on these routes, consult Lonely Planet’s Istanbul to Kathmandu, or see the ‘London to India’ section on www.seat61.com/India.htm.
If you enter India by bus or train you’ll be required to disembark at the border for standard immigration and customs checks. You must have a valid Indian visa in advance as no visas are available at the border. The standard Indian tourist visa allows multiple entries within a six-month period.
Drivers of cars and motorbikes will need the vehicle’s registration papers, liability insurance and an International Driving Permit. You’ll also need a Carnet de passage en douane, which acts as a temporary waiver of import duty. To find out the latest requirements for the paperwork and other important driving information contact your local automobile association.
Bangladesh
Foreigners can use four of the land crossings between Bangladesh and India, all in West Bengal or the Northeast States. Exiting Bangladesh overland is complicated by red tape – if you enter by air, you require a road permit (or ‘change of route’ permit) to leave by land. This free permit can be obtained in Dhaka at the Directorate of Immigration and Passports (02-9131891/9134011; Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Agargaon Rd; 9am-5pm Sun-Thu) in two to three working days; bring several passport photos. Some travellers have also reported problems exiting Bangladesh overland with the visa issued on arrival at Dhaka airport.
Heading from India to Bangladesh, tourist visas should be obtained in advance from a Bangladeshi mission. Delhi’s Bangladesh embassy (011-24121389; EP39 Dr Radakrishnan Marg, Chanakyapuri; applications 9.30am-11pm Mon-Fri) issues visas in two working days with two passport photos; fees vary depending on nationality. Visas can also be obtained from the Bangladeshi missions in Kolkata and Agartala.
Heading from Bangladesh to India, you must pre-pay the exit tax at a designated branch of the Sonali Bank, which may be some distance from the border post.
Kolkata to Dhaka
There are daily bus services from Kolkata to Dhaka, crossing the India–Bangladesh border at Benapol. Plans for a train link between Kolkata and Dhaka have dragged on for years – inquire locally for progress reports.
Siliguri to Chengrabandha/Burimari
This minor northern border crossing is accessible from Siliguri in West Bengal. You must take a private bus from outside Tenzin Norgay central bus station to Jalpaiguri (Rs 40, two hours) and change there for the border post at Chengrabandha.
Shillong to Sylhet
This little-used crossing offers a handy back route from northeast India to Bangladesh. Share jeeps run every morning from Bara Bazaar in Shillong to the border post at Dawki, where you can walk or catch a taxi to the bus station in Tamabil, which has regular buses to Sylhet.
Agartala to Dhaka
The Bangladesh border is 4km from Agartala and several daily trains run on to Dhaka from Akhaura on the Bangladesh side of the border.
Bhutan
Phuentsholing is the main entry and exit point between India and Bhutan; you now need a full Bhutanese visa to enter the country, which must be obtained at least 15 days before your trip from a registered travel agent listed under the Department of Tourism, Bhutan (www.tourism.gov.bt).
Bhutan visas for non-Indians require a prepaid tour (minimum US$200 to US$240 per day, all-inclusive). Tour and visa can be arranged within two days through RCPL Travels (24400665; travelcal@vsnl.net ; www.kingdomofbhutan.info ; 5/4 Ballygunge Pl, Kolkata).
Siliguri/Kolkata to Phuentsholing
Buses from Kolkata and Siliguri to Phuentsholing are run by Bhutan Transport Services. From Kolkata, there’s a direct bus at 7pm on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (Rs 300, 20 hours). There’s also a rail route from Siliguri via Alipurduar (on the main train line between Siliguri and Guwahati) connecting with local buses to the border.
Nepal
The security situation in Nepal has improved massively since the ceasefire in 2006. Nevertheless, it makes sense to check the security situation before crossing into Nepal by land – local newspapers and international news websites are good places to start.
Political and weather conditions permitting, there are five land border crossings between India and Nepal:
Sunauli in Uttar Pradesh to Bhairawa in central Nepal
Raxaul in Bihar to Birganj in central Nepal
Panitanki in West Bengal to Kakarbhitta in eastern Nepal
Jamunaha in Uttar Pradesh to Nepalganj in western Nepal
Banbassa in Uttaranchal to Mahendranagar in western Nepal
Two-month single-entry visas for Nepal (US$30) are available at all the border crossings but payment is due in US dollars and you need two passport photos. Alternatively, obtain a single-entry or six-month multiple-entry visa (US$80) in advance from a Nepalese mission. In Delhi, the Nepal embassy (011-23327361; Barakhamba Rd; applications 9am-noon Mon-Fri) issues visas in one day with two passport photos. In Kolkata the Nepal consulate (033-24561224; 1 National Library Ave, Alipore; 9am-4pm Mon-Fri) issues visas while you wait.
Sunauli to Bhairawa
The easiest crossing for Delhi or Varanasi, with connections on to Kathmandu, Pokhara and Lumbini. There are daily buses to Sunauli from Varanasi (Rs 172, 10 hours) or Delhi (Rs 1400, 36 hours), or you can travel by train to Gorakhpur and take a local bus to Sunauli from there.
Banbassa to Mahendranagar
This intriguing back route into Nepal provides access to the little-visited western Terai. However, the route is often blocked by flooding and landslides in the monsoon and it’s sensible to check the political situation before you travel. Daily buses to Banbassa leave Delhi’s Anand Vihar bus stand (bookings 011-22141611) hourly until late (Rs 210, 10 hours).
Raxaul to Birganj
This crossing is convenient for Kolkata, Patna and the eastern plains, and there are onward connections to Kathmandu. Daily buses run to Raxaul from Patna and Kolkata, but it’s more comfortable to jump on the daily Mithila Express train from Kolkata’s Howrah train station – see the entry under Raxaul and the boxed text for information on crossing the border.
Panitanki to Kakarbhitta
The handiest crossing for Darjeeling, Sikkim and the Northeast States. Buses and share jeeps run to the border from Siliguri and several other towns in West Bengal, and you can explore the eastern Terai as you travel on to Kathmandu.
Jamunaha to Nepalganj
Plenty of domestic tourists cross into Nepal at Jamunaha in Uttar Pradesh, but most foreign travellers stick to more convenient crossings. However, Nepalganj is a useful gateway for Nepal’s Royal Bardia National Park and there are regular onward flights to Kathmandu. Buses run regularly from Lucknow to Rupaidha Bazar (Rs 160, seven hours), a short rickshaw ride from the Jamunaha border post. Alternatively, you can take a train to Nanpara, and change to a bus or taxi for the 17km trip to the border.
Attari to Wagah (Amritsar to Lahore)
The main transit point between India and Pakistan is the border post between Attari, near Amritsar, and Wagah, near Lahore. Regular buses run from Amritsar to the border and there are regular onward connections from Wagah to Lahore. There are also through bus and train services all the way from Delhi. Try to coordinate your crossing with the spectacular closing of the border ceremony.
Delhi to Lahore
If you prefer to keep things simple, there are direct bus and train services between Delhi and Lahore. However, these services are extremely crowded and clearing the border formalities can take anywhere between two and five hours – compared to one or two hours if you travel independently. Security is also a serious concern – the Delhi–Lahore train was bombed by militants in February 2007, killing 67 people.
The Lahore Bus Service leaves from Delhi’s Dr Ambedkar Bus Station office (011-23318180 or 23712228; Delhi Gate; 9am-7pm Mon-Sat) at 6am on Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday, arriving in Lahore 12 hours later. The fare is Rs 1250 one-way (advance bookings are essential). The baggage limit is 20kg per person (Rs 60 per extra kg, maximum 15 kg) plus one piece of hand luggage.
The Samjhauta Express train leaves the Old Delhi train station (purchase tickets here) on Wednesday and Sunday at 10.50pm and arrives at the Indian border crossing of Attari at 7am, where passengers disembark for customs checks and visa procedures, before reboarding for the 30 minute trip to Lahore. Tickets cost Rs 209 in sleeper class. However, services may be disrupted following the February 2007 bomb attack.
Rajasthan to Pakistan
After 35 years of wrangling, the 4889 Thar Express train from Jodhpur in Rajasthan to the border crossing at Munabao/Khokraparand onto Karachi in Pakistan resumed in early 2006. Unfortunately, services were suspended almost immediately because of flood damage to the track during the 2006 monsoon. A limited service resumed in February 2007, with a maximum of 400 passengers in each direction. However, schedules are erratic so check locally in Jodhpur for departure times.
Entering the destination
Entering the country
Entering India by air or land is relatively straightforward, with standard immigration and customs procedures.
Passport
To enter India you need a valid passport, visa and an onward/return ticket. If your passport is lost or stolen, immediately contact your country’s representative. It’s wise to keep photocopies of your airline ticket and the identity and visa pages from your passport in case of emergency. There are restrictions on entry for some nationalities.
Air
Airports & airlines
India has four main gateways for international flights, and international flights also land in Bengaluru (Bangalore), Guwahati and Amritsar – for details, see www.indianairports.com. India is a big county so it makes sense to fly into the nearest airport to the area you want to visit.
Chennai (Madras; MAA; Anna International Airport; 044-22560551; www.chennaiairport.com)
Delhi (DEL; Indira Gandhi International Airport; 011-25652011; www.delhiairport.com)
Kolkata (Calcutta; CCU; Netaji Subhas Chandra Basu International Airport; 033-25118787; www.calcuttaairport.com)
Mumbai (Bombay; BOM; Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport; 022-26829000; www.mumbaiairport.com)
India’s national carrier is Air India (www.airindia.com) and the state-owned domestic carrier Indian Airlines (www.indian-airlines.nic.in) also offers flights to 20 countries in Asia and the Middle East (though it has a poor safety record). The more reliable private airlines Jet Airways (www.jetairways.com) and Air Sahara (www.airsahara.net) offer flights to Colombo, Kathmandu and the Maldives. Jet has recently started longhaul flights to London, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.
Other airlines flying to and from India (websites have contact details) :
Aeroflot (code SU; www.aeroflot.org) Hub: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow.
Air Canada (code AC; www.aircanada.com) Hub: Vancouver Airport.
Air France (code AF; www.airfrance.com) Hub: Charles de Gaulle, Paris.
Air India (code AI; www.airindia.com) Hub: Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi.
Alitalia (code AZ; www.alitalia.com) Hub: Fiumicino International Airport, Rome.
American Airlines (code AA; www.aa.com) Hub: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
Austrian Airlines (code OS; www.aua.com) Hub: Vienna International Airport.
Biman Bangladesh Airlines (code BG; www.bimanair.com) Hub: Zia International Airport, Dhaka.
British Airways (code BA; www.british-airways.com) Hub: Heathrow Airport, London.
Cathay Pacific Airways (code CX; www.cathaypacific.com) Hub: Hong Kong International Airport.
Druk Air (code KB; www.drukair.com.bt) Hub: Paro Airport.
El Al Israel Airlines (code LY; www.elal.co.il) Hub: Ben Gurion, Tel Aviv.
Emirates (code EK; www.emirates.com) Hub: Dubai International Airport.
Finnair (code AY; www.finnair.com) Hub: Helsinki-Vantaa Airport.
Gulf Air (code GF; www.gulfairco.com) Hub: Bahrain International Airport.
Japan Airlines (code JL; www.jal.com) Hub: Narita Airport.
Kenya Airways (code KQ; www.kenya-airways.com) Hub: Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi.
KLM – Royal Dutch Airlines (code KL; www.klm.com) Hub: Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam.
Kuwait Airways (code KU; www.kuwait-airways.com) Hub: Kuwait International Airport.
Lufthansa Airlines (code LH; www.lufthansa.com) Hub: Frankfurt International Airport.
Malaysia Airlines (code MH; www.malaysiaairlines.com) Hub: Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
Pakistan International Airlines (code PK; www.piac.com.pk) Hub: Jinnah International Airport, Karachi.
Qantas Airways (code QF; www.qantas.com.au) Hub: Kingsford Smith Airport, Sydney.
Qatar Airways (code QR; www.qatarairways.com) Hub: Doha International Airport.
Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation (code RA; www.royalnepal.com) Hub: Kathmandu Airport.
Singapore Airlines (code SQ; www.singaporeair.com) Hub: Changi Airport, Singapore.
South African Airlines (code SA; www.flysaa.com) Hub: Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg.
Sri Lankan Airlines (code UL; www.srilankan.aero) Hub: Bandaranaike International Airport, Colombo.
Swiss International Airlines (code LX; www.swiss.com) Hub: Zurich International Airport.
Thai Airways International (code TG; www.thaiair.com) Hub: Bangkok International Airport.
Departing India
Most airlines no longer require reconfirmation of international tickets, though it’s still a good idea to call to check that flight times haven’t changed. Most airlines ask you to check in three hours before international departures – remember to factor in the Indian traffic when planning your trip to the airport.
Most Indian airports have free luggage trolleys, but porters will eagerly offer to lug your load for a negotiable fee. For flights originating in India, hold bags must be passed through the X-ray machine in the departures hall and baggage tags are required for the security check for all cabin bags, including cameras.
Africa
There are direct flights to India from South Africa and East Africa. Return fares to Mumbai include US$600 from Nairobi and US$500 from Cape Town or Johannesburg.
There are international ticket agents in most African capitals. Rennies Travel (www.renniestravel.com) and STA Travel (www.statravel.co.za) have offices throughout southern Africa.
Asia
There are international travel agencies in capital cities across Asia, including STA Travel (Bangkok 02-2360262; www.statravel.co.th ; Hong Kong 0852-27361618; www.hkst.com.hk/statravel ; Kuala Lumpur 03-21489800; www.statravel.co.my ; Singapore 67377188; www.statravel.com.sg ; Tokyo 03-53912922; www.statravel.co.jp). Alternatively, book directly with the airlines.
Bangladesh
Dhaka is the air hub for Bangladesh. Biman Bangladesh and Indian Airlines offer flights between Dhaka and Kolkata (from US$200 return) or Delhi (from US$500 return).
Japan
Tokyo/Narita is the main hub for flights between Japan and India. Flights to Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai start from US$540.
Maldives
A return or onward ticket is a condition of travel to the Maldives. Excursion fares to Malé from Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) on Indian Airlines start at US$200 return.
Myanmar (Burma)
Return flights between Yangon (Rangoon) and Kolkata cost around US$350. Alternatively, you can connect through Bangkok, Singapore or Kuala Lumpur for around US$500.
Nepal
Royal Nepal Airlines and half a dozen Indian carriers provide flights from Kathmandu to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Varanasi. One-way/return fares include: Delhi (from US$150/300); Mumbai (from US$230/450); Kolkata (from US$120/240); Varanasi (from US$200/400) and Bengaluru (from US$230/450). You’ll need an onward ticket to enter India on a one-way ticket from Nepal.
Pakistan
Flights between India and Pakistan are often suspended when relations between the two countries sour. At the time of research, return fares from Karachi cost US$300 to Delhi and US$200 to Mumbai. Flights from Lahore to Delhi are marginally cheaper.
Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong & China
There are extensive air connections between Southeast Asia and Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai or Kolkata. Return flights between Singapore, Hong Kong or Kuala Lumpur and India start from US$550. Several airlines have recently started flights from Beijing and Shanghai to Delhi or Mumbai (from around US$550).
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Airlines and several Indian carriers provide connections from Colombo. Return fares include Mumbai (US$390), Delhi (US$450), Bengaluru (US$270) and Thiruvananthapuram (US$200).
Thailand
Bangkok is the most popular departure point from Southeast Asia to India. Return fares from Bangkok include: Delhi or Mumbai (US$500), Kolkata (US$400) and Chennai (US$700).
Australia
Qantas has a flight from Sydney to Mumbai via Darwin, or you can fly to Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai or Bengaluru with a stop in Southeast Asia. Return fares to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai range from A$1200 and A$1700, depending on the season.
STA Travel (134782; www.statravel.com.au) and Flight Centre (133133; www.flightcentre.com.au) have offices throughout Australia. For online bookings, try the website www.travel.com.au.
Canada
From eastern and central Canada, most flights go via Europe; from Vancouver and the west coast, flights go via Asia. Return fares from Vancouver or Toronto to Delhi or Mumbai start at around C$1500. Travel Cuts (800-667-2887; www.travelcuts.com) is Canada’s national student travel agency, or try the big online agents.
Continental Europe
There are connections to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai or Bengaluru from most European capitals, either directly or with a stop in the Middle East. For discount fares, try the agencies below or visit the big online ticket agencies. STA Travel (Austria 01-401486000; www.statravel.at ; Denmark 33-141501; www.statravel.dk ; Finland 09-68127717; www.statravel.fi ; Germany 069-74303292; www.statravel.de ; Norway 815-59905; www.statravel.no ; Sweden 0771-474850; www.statravel.se ; Switzerland 0900-450402; www.statravel.ch) and Last Minute (www.last-minute.co.uk) have regional websites for nations across Europe.
France
Anyway (0892-302301; www.anyway.fr in French)
Nouvelles Frontières (0825-000747; www.nouvelles-frontieres.fr in French)
OTU Voyages (01-55-823232; www.otu.fr in French)
Voyageurs du Monde (0892-235656; www.vdm.com in French)
Germany
Just Travel (089-7473330; www.justtravel.de)
Italy
CTS Viaggi (06-44-111-66; www.cts.it)
Netherlands
Airfair (0900-7717717; www.airfair.nl in Dutch)
Spain
Barcelo Viajes (902-200-400; www.barceloviajes.com)
New Zealand
Flights between India and New Zealand go via Southeast Asia. Return tickets from Auckland to Delhi start at NZ$1200. Both Flight Centre (0800-243544; www.flightcentre.co.nz) and STA Travel (0800-474400; www.statravel.co.nz) have countrywide branches. For online bookings try www.goholidays.co.nz.
UK & Ireland
Discount air travel is big business in London. Flights from London or Manchester to Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru or Amritsar range from UK£350 to UK£600. Good places to find competitive quotes include the following:
Ebookers (0871-2335000; www.ebookers.com)
Flight Centre (0870-4990040; www.flightcentre.co.uk)
STA Travel (0870-2300040; www.statravel.co.uk)
Trailfinders (0845-0585858; www.trailfinders.com)
Travel Bag (0800-0825000; www.travelbag.co.uk)
USA
America has plenty of discount travel agents, or ‘consolidators’, particularly in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York. Fares vary – bank on US$1100 or more from the East Coast and US$1300 or more from the West Coast. Consult travel agents and scan the web for the best deal – Expedia (www.expedia.com) and Travelocity (www.travelocity.com) are good sites.
Other good places to book:
American Express Travel (800-297-2977; www.itn.net)
CheapTickets (www.cheaptickets.com)
Lowestfare.com (www.lowestfare.com)
Orbitz (www.orbitz.com)
STA Travel (800-781-4040; www.sta.com)
An onward or return air ticket is a condition of the tourist visa, so few visitors buy international tickets inside India. Only designated travel agents can book international flights, but fares are normally the same if you book directly with the airlines. The cheapest time to visit is generally the monsoon (June to August). The departure tax of Rs 500 (Rs 150 for most South and Southeast Asian countries) and the Rs 200 passenger service fee is included in the price of almost all tickets.
***NB: Conditions have recently changed for Indian tourist visas. For more information, see our Visas section.
Contact a travel agent or surf the web to get up-to-the-minute fares and flight schedules. Advertisements for discount travel agencies appear in the travel pages of major newspapers and listings magazines. Note that fares on airline websites are sometimes just as cheap as going through an agent. Alternatively, try the following international online ticket agencies:
Ebookers (www.ebookers.com)Expedia (www.expedia.com)
Flight Centre International (www.flightcentre.com)
Flights.com (www.tiss.com)
STA Travel (www.statravel.com)
Travelocity (www.travelocity.com)
Sea
There are several sea routes between India and surrounding islands but none leave Indian sovereign territory. There has been talk of a passenger ferry service between southern India and Colombo in Sri Lanka but this has yet to materialise. Inquire locally to see if there has been any progress.
Land
Border crossings
Although most visitors fly into India, the overland route from Nepal is extremely popular and smaller numbers of travellers enter India from Pakistan and Bangladesh. For more on these routes, consult Lonely Planet’s Istanbul to Kathmandu, or see the ‘London to India’ section on www.seat61.com/India.htm.
If you enter India by bus or train you’ll be required to disembark at the border for standard immigration and customs checks. You must have a valid Indian visa in advance as no visas are available at the border. The standard Indian tourist visa allows multiple entries within a six-month period.
Drivers of cars and motorbikes will need the vehicle’s registration papers, liability insurance and an International Driving Permit. You’ll also need a Carnet de passage en douane, which acts as a temporary waiver of import duty. To find out the latest requirements for the paperwork and other important driving information contact your local automobile association.
Bangladesh
Foreigners can use four of the land crossings between Bangladesh and India, all in West Bengal or the Northeast States. Exiting Bangladesh overland is complicated by red tape – if you enter by air, you require a road permit (or ‘change of route’ permit) to leave by land. This free permit can be obtained in Dhaka at the Directorate of Immigration and Passports (02-9131891/9134011; Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Agargaon Rd; 9am-5pm Sun-Thu) in two to three working days; bring several passport photos. Some travellers have also reported problems exiting Bangladesh overland with the visa issued on arrival at Dhaka airport.
Heading from India to Bangladesh, tourist visas should be obtained in advance from a Bangladeshi mission. Delhi’s Bangladesh embassy (011-24121389; EP39 Dr Radakrishnan Marg, Chanakyapuri; applications 9.30am-11pm Mon-Fri) issues visas in two working days with two passport photos; fees vary depending on nationality. Visas can also be obtained from the Bangladeshi missions in Kolkata and Agartala.
Heading from Bangladesh to India, you must pre-pay the exit tax at a designated branch of the Sonali Bank, which may be some distance from the border post.
Kolkata to Dhaka
There are daily bus services from Kolkata to Dhaka, crossing the India–Bangladesh border at Benapol. Plans for a train link between Kolkata and Dhaka have dragged on for years – inquire locally for progress reports.
Siliguri to Chengrabandha/Burimari
This minor northern border crossing is accessible from Siliguri in West Bengal. You must take a private bus from outside Tenzin Norgay central bus station to Jalpaiguri (Rs 40, two hours) and change there for the border post at Chengrabandha.
Shillong to Sylhet
This little-used crossing offers a handy back route from northeast India to Bangladesh. Share jeeps run every morning from Bara Bazaar in Shillong to the border post at Dawki, where you can walk or catch a taxi to the bus station in Tamabil, which has regular buses to Sylhet.
Agartala to Dhaka
The Bangladesh border is 4km from Agartala and several daily trains run on to Dhaka from Akhaura on the Bangladesh side of the border.
Bhutan
Phuentsholing is the main entry and exit point between India and Bhutan; you now need a full Bhutanese visa to enter the country, which must be obtained at least 15 days before your trip from a registered travel agent listed under the Department of Tourism, Bhutan (www.tourism.gov.bt).
Bhutan visas for non-Indians require a prepaid tour (minimum US$200 to US$240 per day, all-inclusive). Tour and visa can be arranged within two days through RCPL Travels (24400665; travelcal@vsnl.net ; www.kingdomofbhutan.info ; 5/4 Ballygunge Pl, Kolkata).
Siliguri/Kolkata to Phuentsholing
Buses from Kolkata and Siliguri to Phuentsholing are run by Bhutan Transport Services. From Kolkata, there’s a direct bus at 7pm on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (Rs 300, 20 hours). There’s also a rail route from Siliguri via Alipurduar (on the main train line between Siliguri and Guwahati) connecting with local buses to the border.
Nepal
The security situation in Nepal has improved massively since the ceasefire in 2006. Nevertheless, it makes sense to check the security situation before crossing into Nepal by land – local newspapers and international news websites are good places to start.
Political and weather conditions permitting, there are five land border crossings between India and Nepal:
Sunauli in Uttar Pradesh to Bhairawa in central Nepal
Raxaul in Bihar to Birganj in central Nepal
Panitanki in West Bengal to Kakarbhitta in eastern Nepal
Jamunaha in Uttar Pradesh to Nepalganj in western Nepal
Banbassa in Uttaranchal to Mahendranagar in western Nepal
Two-month single-entry visas for Nepal (US$30) are available at all the border crossings but payment is due in US dollars and you need two passport photos. Alternatively, obtain a single-entry or six-month multiple-entry visa (US$80) in advance from a Nepalese mission. In Delhi, the Nepal embassy (011-23327361; Barakhamba Rd; applications 9am-noon Mon-Fri) issues visas in one day with two passport photos. In Kolkata the Nepal consulate (033-24561224; 1 National Library Ave, Alipore; 9am-4pm Mon-Fri) issues visas while you wait.
Sunauli to Bhairawa
The easiest crossing for Delhi or Varanasi, with connections on to Kathmandu, Pokhara and Lumbini. There are daily buses to Sunauli from Varanasi (Rs 172, 10 hours) or Delhi (Rs 1400, 36 hours), or you can travel by train to Gorakhpur and take a local bus to Sunauli from there.
Banbassa to Mahendranagar
This intriguing back route into Nepal provides access to the little-visited western Terai. However, the route is often blocked by flooding and landslides in the monsoon and it’s sensible to check the political situation before you travel. Daily buses to Banbassa leave Delhi’s Anand Vihar bus stand (bookings 011-22141611) hourly until late (Rs 210, 10 hours).
Raxaul to Birganj
This crossing is convenient for Kolkata, Patna and the eastern plains, and there are onward connections to Kathmandu. Daily buses run to Raxaul from Patna and Kolkata, but it’s more comfortable to jump on the daily Mithila Express train from Kolkata’s Howrah train station – see the entry under Raxaul and the boxed text for information on crossing the border.
Panitanki to Kakarbhitta
The handiest crossing for Darjeeling, Sikkim and the Northeast States. Buses and share jeeps run to the border from Siliguri and several other towns in West Bengal, and you can explore the eastern Terai as you travel on to Kathmandu.
Jamunaha to Nepalganj
Plenty of domestic tourists cross into Nepal at Jamunaha in Uttar Pradesh, but most foreign travellers stick to more convenient crossings. However, Nepalganj is a useful gateway for Nepal’s Royal Bardia National Park and there are regular onward flights to Kathmandu. Buses run regularly from Lucknow to Rupaidha Bazar (Rs 160, seven hours), a short rickshaw ride from the Jamunaha border post. Alternatively, you can take a train to Nanpara, and change to a bus or taxi for the 17km trip to the border.
Attari to Wagah (Amritsar to Lahore)
The main transit point between India and Pakistan is the border post between Attari, near Amritsar, and Wagah, near Lahore. Regular buses run from Amritsar to the border and there are regular onward connections from Wagah to Lahore. There are also through bus and train services all the way from Delhi. Try to coordinate your crossing with the spectacular closing of the border ceremony.
Delhi to Lahore
If you prefer to keep things simple, there are direct bus and train services between Delhi and Lahore. However, these services are extremely crowded and clearing the border formalities can take anywhere between two and five hours – compared to one or two hours if you travel independently. Security is also a serious concern – the Delhi–Lahore train was bombed by militants in February 2007, killing 67 people.
The Lahore Bus Service leaves from Delhi’s Dr Ambedkar Bus Station office (011-23318180 or 23712228; Delhi Gate; 9am-7pm Mon-Sat) at 6am on Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday, arriving in Lahore 12 hours later. The fare is Rs 1250 one-way (advance bookings are essential). The baggage limit is 20kg per person (Rs 60 per extra kg, maximum 15 kg) plus one piece of hand luggage.
The Samjhauta Express train leaves the Old Delhi train station (purchase tickets here) on Wednesday and Sunday at 10.50pm and arrives at the Indian border crossing of Attari at 7am, where passengers disembark for customs checks and visa procedures, before reboarding for the 30 minute trip to Lahore. Tickets cost Rs 209 in sleeper class. However, services may be disrupted following the February 2007 bomb attack.
Rajasthan to Pakistan
After 35 years of wrangling, the 4889 Thar Express train from Jodhpur in Rajasthan to the border crossing at Munabao/Khokraparand onto Karachi in Pakistan resumed in early 2006. Unfortunately, services were suspended almost immediately because of flood damage to the track during the 2006 monsoon. A limited service resumed in February 2007, with a maximum of 400 passengers in each direction. However, schedules are erratic so check locally in Jodhpur for departure times.
Entering the destination
Entering the country
Entering India by air or land is relatively straightforward, with standard immigration and customs procedures.
Passport
To enter India you need a valid passport, visa and an onward/return ticket. If your passport is lost or stolen, immediately contact your country’s representative. It’s wise to keep photocopies of your airline ticket and the identity and visa pages from your passport in case of emergency. There are restrictions on entry for some nationalities.
Air
Airports & airlines
India has four main gateways for international flights, and international flights also land in Bengaluru (Bangalore), Guwahati and Amritsar – for details, see www.indianairports.com. India is a big county so it makes sense to fly into the nearest airport to the area you want to visit.
Chennai (Madras; MAA; Anna International Airport; 044-22560551; www.chennaiairport.com)
Delhi (DEL; Indira Gandhi International Airport; 011-25652011; www.delhiairport.com)
Kolkata (Calcutta; CCU; Netaji Subhas Chandra Basu International Airport; 033-25118787; www.calcuttaairport.com)
Mumbai (Bombay; BOM; Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport; 022-26829000; www.mumbaiairport.com)
India’s national carrier is Air India (www.airindia.com) and the state-owned domestic carrier Indian Airlines (www.indian-airlines.nic.in) also offers flights to 20 countries in Asia and the Middle East (though it has a poor safety record). The more reliable private airlines Jet Airways (www.jetairways.com) and Air Sahara (www.airsahara.net) offer flights to Colombo, Kathmandu and the Maldives. Jet has recently started longhaul flights to London, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.
Other airlines flying to and from India (websites have contact details) :
Aeroflot (code SU; www.aeroflot.org) Hub: Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow.
Air Canada (code AC; www.aircanada.com) Hub: Vancouver Airport.
Air France (code AF; www.airfrance.com) Hub: Charles de Gaulle, Paris.
Air India (code AI; www.airindia.com) Hub: Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi.
Alitalia (code AZ; www.alitalia.com) Hub: Fiumicino International Airport, Rome.
American Airlines (code AA; www.aa.com) Hub: Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
Austrian Airlines (code OS; www.aua.com) Hub: Vienna International Airport.
Biman Bangladesh Airlines (code BG; www.bimanair.com) Hub: Zia International Airport, Dhaka.
British Airways (code BA; www.british-airways.com) Hub: Heathrow Airport, London.
Cathay Pacific Airways (code CX; www.cathaypacific.com) Hub: Hong Kong International Airport.
Druk Air (code KB; www.drukair.com.bt) Hub: Paro Airport.
El Al Israel Airlines (code LY; www.elal.co.il) Hub: Ben Gurion, Tel Aviv.
Emirates (code EK; www.emirates.com) Hub: Dubai International Airport.
Finnair (code AY; www.finnair.com) Hub: Helsinki-Vantaa Airport.
Gulf Air (code GF; www.gulfairco.com) Hub: Bahrain International Airport.
Japan Airlines (code JL; www.jal.com) Hub: Narita Airport.
Kenya Airways (code KQ; www.kenya-airways.com) Hub: Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi.
KLM – Royal Dutch Airlines (code KL; www.klm.com) Hub: Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam.
Kuwait Airways (code KU; www.kuwait-airways.com) Hub: Kuwait International Airport.
Lufthansa Airlines (code LH; www.lufthansa.com) Hub: Frankfurt International Airport.
Malaysia Airlines (code MH; www.malaysiaairlines.com) Hub: Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
Pakistan International Airlines (code PK; www.piac.com.pk) Hub: Jinnah International Airport, Karachi.
Qantas Airways (code QF; www.qantas.com.au) Hub: Kingsford Smith Airport, Sydney.
Qatar Airways (code QR; www.qatarairways.com) Hub: Doha International Airport.
Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation (code RA; www.royalnepal.com) Hub: Kathmandu Airport.
Singapore Airlines (code SQ; www.singaporeair.com) Hub: Changi Airport, Singapore.
South African Airlines (code SA; www.flysaa.com) Hub: Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg.
Sri Lankan Airlines (code UL; www.srilankan.aero) Hub: Bandaranaike International Airport, Colombo.
Swiss International Airlines (code LX; www.swiss.com) Hub: Zurich International Airport.
Thai Airways International (code TG; www.thaiair.com) Hub: Bangkok International Airport.
Departing India
Most airlines no longer require reconfirmation of international tickets, though it’s still a good idea to call to check that flight times haven’t changed. Most airlines ask you to check in three hours before international departures – remember to factor in the Indian traffic when planning your trip to the airport.
Most Indian airports have free luggage trolleys, but porters will eagerly offer to lug your load for a negotiable fee. For flights originating in India, hold bags must be passed through the X-ray machine in the departures hall and baggage tags are required for the security check for all cabin bags, including cameras.
Africa
There are direct flights to India from South Africa and East Africa. Return fares to Mumbai include US$600 from Nairobi and US$500 from Cape Town or Johannesburg.
There are international ticket agents in most African capitals. Rennies Travel (www.renniestravel.com) and STA Travel (www.statravel.co.za) have offices throughout southern Africa.
Asia
There are international travel agencies in capital cities across Asia, including STA Travel (Bangkok 02-2360262; www.statravel.co.th ; Hong Kong 0852-27361618; www.hkst.com.hk/statravel ; Kuala Lumpur 03-21489800; www.statravel.co.my ; Singapore 67377188; www.statravel.com.sg ; Tokyo 03-53912922; www.statravel.co.jp). Alternatively, book directly with the airlines.
Bangladesh
Dhaka is the air hub for Bangladesh. Biman Bangladesh and Indian Airlines offer flights between Dhaka and Kolkata (from US$200 return) or Delhi (from US$500 return).
Japan
Tokyo/Narita is the main hub for flights between Japan and India. Flights to Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai start from US$540.
Maldives
A return or onward ticket is a condition of travel to the Maldives. Excursion fares to Malé from Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) on Indian Airlines start at US$200 return.
Myanmar (Burma)
Return flights between Yangon (Rangoon) and Kolkata cost around US$350. Alternatively, you can connect through Bangkok, Singapore or Kuala Lumpur for around US$500.
Nepal
Royal Nepal Airlines and half a dozen Indian carriers provide flights from Kathmandu to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Varanasi. One-way/return fares include: Delhi (from US$150/300); Mumbai (from US$230/450); Kolkata (from US$120/240); Varanasi (from US$200/400) and Bengaluru (from US$230/450). You’ll need an onward ticket to enter India on a one-way ticket from Nepal.
Pakistan
Flights between India and Pakistan are often suspended when relations between the two countries sour. At the time of research, return fares from Karachi cost US$300 to Delhi and US$200 to Mumbai. Flights from Lahore to Delhi are marginally cheaper.
Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong & China
There are extensive air connections between Southeast Asia and Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai or Kolkata. Return flights between Singapore, Hong Kong or Kuala Lumpur and India start from US$550. Several airlines have recently started flights from Beijing and Shanghai to Delhi or Mumbai (from around US$550).
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Airlines and several Indian carriers provide connections from Colombo. Return fares include Mumbai (US$390), Delhi (US$450), Bengaluru (US$270) and Thiruvananthapuram (US$200).
Thailand
Bangkok is the most popular departure point from Southeast Asia to India. Return fares from Bangkok include: Delhi or Mumbai (US$500), Kolkata (US$400) and Chennai (US$700).
Australia
Qantas has a flight from Sydney to Mumbai via Darwin, or you can fly to Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai or Bengaluru with a stop in Southeast Asia. Return fares to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai range from A$1200 and A$1700, depending on the season.
STA Travel (134782; www.statravel.com.au) and Flight Centre (133133; www.flightcentre.com.au) have offices throughout Australia. For online bookings, try the website www.travel.com.au.
Canada
From eastern and central Canada, most flights go via Europe; from Vancouver and the west coast, flights go via Asia. Return fares from Vancouver or Toronto to Delhi or Mumbai start at around C$1500. Travel Cuts (800-667-2887; www.travelcuts.com) is Canada’s national student travel agency, or try the big online agents.
Continental Europe
There are connections to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai or Bengaluru from most European capitals, either directly or with a stop in the Middle East. For discount fares, try the agencies below or visit the big online ticket agencies. STA Travel (Austria 01-401486000; www.statravel.at ; Denmark 33-141501; www.statravel.dk ; Finland 09-68127717; www.statravel.fi ; Germany 069-74303292; www.statravel.de ; Norway 815-59905; www.statravel.no ; Sweden 0771-474850; www.statravel.se ; Switzerland 0900-450402; www.statravel.ch) and Last Minute (www.last-minute.co.uk) have regional websites for nations across Europe.
France
Anyway (0892-302301; www.anyway.fr in French)
Nouvelles Frontières (0825-000747; www.nouvelles-frontieres.fr in French)
OTU Voyages (01-55-823232; www.otu.fr in French)
Voyageurs du Monde (0892-235656; www.vdm.com in French)
Germany
Just Travel (089-7473330; www.justtravel.de)
Italy
CTS Viaggi (06-44-111-66; www.cts.it)
Netherlands
Airfair (0900-7717717; www.airfair.nl in Dutch)
Spain
Barcelo Viajes (902-200-400; www.barceloviajes.com)
New Zealand
Flights between India and New Zealand go via Southeast Asia. Return tickets from Auckland to Delhi start at NZ$1200. Both Flight Centre (0800-243544; www.flightcentre.co.nz) and STA Travel (0800-474400; www.statravel.co.nz) have countrywide branches. For online bookings try www.goholidays.co.nz.
UK & Ireland
Discount air travel is big business in London. Flights from London or Manchester to Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru or Amritsar range from UK£350 to UK£600. Good places to find competitive quotes include the following:
Ebookers (0871-2335000; www.ebookers.com)
Flight Centre (0870-4990040; www.flightcentre.co.uk)
STA Travel (0870-2300040; www.statravel.co.uk)
Trailfinders (0845-0585858; www.trailfinders.com)
Travel Bag (0800-0825000; www.travelbag.co.uk)
USA
America has plenty of discount travel agents, or ‘consolidators’, particularly in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York. Fares vary – bank on US$1100 or more from the East Coast and US$1300 or more from the West Coast. Consult travel agents and scan the web for the best deal – Expedia (www.expedia.com) and Travelocity (www.travelocity.com) are good sites.
Other good places to book:
American Express Travel (800-297-2977; www.itn.net)
CheapTickets (www.cheaptickets.com)
Lowestfare.com (www.lowestfare.com)
Orbitz (www.orbitz.com)
STA Travel (800-781-4040; www.sta.com)
When to go India - Travel
India is so vast that climatic conditions in the far north have
little relation to those of the extreme south. Generally speaking, the
country has a three-season year – the hot, the wet and the cool.
Generally speaking, India’s climate is defined by three seasons – the hot, the wet (monsoon) and the cool, each of which can vary in duration from north to south. The most pleasant time to visit most of the country is during the cooler period of November to around mid-February, although there are marked regional variations (see the Fast Facts boxes at the start of regional chapters for the best times to visit specific regions). If you’re in India during the (hot) summer and (wet, humid) monsoon, cool relief can be found in the northern Himalayan region – consider pursuing ‘The Great Himalayan Circuit’. Apart from the weather, the timing of certain festivals or special events may also influence when you wish to visit.
As the former capital of British India, Kolkata retains a feast of dramatic colonial architecture, with more than a few fine buildings in photogenic states of semi-collapse. The city still has many slums but is also developing dynamic new-town suburbs, a rash of air-conditioned shopping malls and some of the best restaurants in India. This is a fabulous place to sample the mild, fruity tang of Bengali cuisine and share the city’s passion for sweets.
Friendlier than India’s other mega-cities, Kolkata is really a city you ‘feel’ more than just visit. But don’t come between May and September unless you’re prepared for a very serious drenching.
When to go
Climate plays a key factor in deciding when to visit India. You should keep in mind that climatic conditions in the far north are distinctly different to those of the extreme south.Generally speaking, India’s climate is defined by three seasons – the hot, the wet (monsoon) and the cool, each of which can vary in duration from north to south. The most pleasant time to visit most of the country is during the cooler period of November to around mid-February, although there are marked regional variations (see the Fast Facts boxes at the start of regional chapters for the best times to visit specific regions). If you’re in India during the (hot) summer and (wet, humid) monsoon, cool relief can be found in the northern Himalayan region – consider pursuing ‘The Great Himalayan Circuit’. Apart from the weather, the timing of certain festivals or special events may also influence when you wish to visit.
Introducing Kolkata (Calcutta)
Simultaneously noble and squalid, cultured and desperate, Kolkata is a daily festival of human existence. And it’s all played out before your very eyes on teeming streets where not an inch of space is wasted. By its old spelling, Calcutta, India’s second-biggest city conjures up images of human suffering to most Westerners. But Bengalis have long been infuriated by one-sided depictions of their vibrant capital. Kolkata is locally regarded as the intellectual and cultural capital of the nation. Several of India’s great 19th- and 20th-century heroes were Kolkatans, including guru-philosopher Ramakrishna, Nobel Prize–winning poet Rabindranath Tagore and celebrated film director Satyajit Ray. Dozens of venues showcase Bengali dance, poetry, art, music, film and theatre. And while poverty certainly remains in-your-face, the dapper Bengali gentry continue to frequent grand old gentlemen’s clubs, back horses at the Calcutta Racetrack and play soothing rounds of golf at some of India’s finest courses.As the former capital of British India, Kolkata retains a feast of dramatic colonial architecture, with more than a few fine buildings in photogenic states of semi-collapse. The city still has many slums but is also developing dynamic new-town suburbs, a rash of air-conditioned shopping malls and some of the best restaurants in India. This is a fabulous place to sample the mild, fruity tang of Bengali cuisine and share the city’s passion for sweets.
Friendlier than India’s other mega-cities, Kolkata is really a city you ‘feel’ more than just visit. But don’t come between May and September unless you’re prepared for a very serious drenching.
Introducing India - Travel
India bristles with an eclectic melange of ethnic groups; an
intoxicating cultural cocktail for the traveller. With such astonishing
diversity, you will be taken on a journey that will linger in your mind
long after you’ve left her shores.
Soul Stirring
Bamboozling. There’s simply no other word that captures the enigma that is India. With an ability to inspire, frustrate, thrill and confound all at once, India presents an extraordinary spectrum of encounters for the traveller. Some of these can be challenging, particularly for the first-time visitor: the poverty is confronting, Indian bureaucracy can be exasperating and the crush of humanity sometimes turns the simplest task into an energy-zapping battle. Even veteran travellers find their sanity frayed at some point, yet this is all part of the India experience. Love it or loathe it – and most visitors see-saw between the two – India will jostle your entire being. It’s a place that fi res the imagination and stirs the soul like nowhere else on earth.
Spectacularly Diverse
With its in-your-face diversity – from snowdusted mountains to sun-washed beaches, tranquil temples to frenetic bazaars, lantern-lit villages to software-supremo cities – it’s hardly surprising that this country has been dubbed the world’s most multidimensional. For those seeking spiritual sustenance, India has oodles of sacrosanct sites and thought-provoking philosophies, while history buffs will stumble upon gems from the past almost everywhere – grand vestiges of former empires serenely peer over swarming streets and crumbling fortresses loom high above plunging ravines. Meanwhile, aficionados of the great outdoors can paddle in the shimmering waters
of one of many beautiful beaches, scout for big jungle cats on blood-pumping wildlife safaris, or simply inhale pine-scented air on meditative forest walks. And then there are the festivals. With its vibrant mix of religious denominations, India is home to a formidable array of celebrations – from larger-than-life extravaganzas with caparisoned elephants and body-twisting acrobats to pint-sized harvest fairs paying homage to a locally worshipped deity.
Too Delicious
Brace yourself – you’re about to jump on board one of the wildest culinary trips of your life! Frying, simmering, sizzling, kneading and flipping a deliciously diverse variety of regional dishes, feasting your way through the subcontinent is certainly one hell of a ride. The hungry traveller can look forward to a bountiful smorgasbord of tasty delights, ranging from the spicy goodness of masterfully marinated chicken drumsticks in North India to the simple splendour of squidgy rice dumplings in the steamy south. So what are you waiting for? Roll up your sleeves, put on your chompchomp hat and rumble your way down India’s gastronomic highway!
Ready to go?
These tours & activities make it easy
Soul Stirring
Bamboozling. There’s simply no other word that captures the enigma that is India. With an ability to inspire, frustrate, thrill and confound all at once, India presents an extraordinary spectrum of encounters for the traveller. Some of these can be challenging, particularly for the first-time visitor: the poverty is confronting, Indian bureaucracy can be exasperating and the crush of humanity sometimes turns the simplest task into an energy-zapping battle. Even veteran travellers find their sanity frayed at some point, yet this is all part of the India experience. Love it or loathe it – and most visitors see-saw between the two – India will jostle your entire being. It’s a place that fi res the imagination and stirs the soul like nowhere else on earth.
Spectacularly Diverse
With its in-your-face diversity – from snowdusted mountains to sun-washed beaches, tranquil temples to frenetic bazaars, lantern-lit villages to software-supremo cities – it’s hardly surprising that this country has been dubbed the world’s most multidimensional. For those seeking spiritual sustenance, India has oodles of sacrosanct sites and thought-provoking philosophies, while history buffs will stumble upon gems from the past almost everywhere – grand vestiges of former empires serenely peer over swarming streets and crumbling fortresses loom high above plunging ravines. Meanwhile, aficionados of the great outdoors can paddle in the shimmering waters
of one of many beautiful beaches, scout for big jungle cats on blood-pumping wildlife safaris, or simply inhale pine-scented air on meditative forest walks. And then there are the festivals. With its vibrant mix of religious denominations, India is home to a formidable array of celebrations – from larger-than-life extravaganzas with caparisoned elephants and body-twisting acrobats to pint-sized harvest fairs paying homage to a locally worshipped deity.
Too Delicious
Brace yourself – you’re about to jump on board one of the wildest culinary trips of your life! Frying, simmering, sizzling, kneading and flipping a deliciously diverse variety of regional dishes, feasting your way through the subcontinent is certainly one hell of a ride. The hungry traveller can look forward to a bountiful smorgasbord of tasty delights, ranging from the spicy goodness of masterfully marinated chicken drumsticks in North India to the simple splendour of squidgy rice dumplings in the steamy south. So what are you waiting for? Roll up your sleeves, put on your chompchomp hat and rumble your way down India’s gastronomic highway!
Ready to go?
These tours & activities make it easy
Search engine optimization (SEO)
Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a search engine's "natural" or un-paid ("organic") search results. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines.
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.
The plural of the abbreviation SEO can also refer to "search engine optimizers," those who provide SEO services.
Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all webmasters needed to do was to submit the address of a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a "spider" to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.
Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the phrase "search engine optimization" probably came into use in 1997. The first documented use of the term Search Engine Optimization was John Audette and his company Multimedia Marketing Group as documented by a web page from the MMG site from August, 1997.
Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provide a guide to each page's content. Using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable, however, because the webmaster's choice of keywords in the meta tag could potentially be an inaccurate representation of the site's actual content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could and did cause pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.
By relying so much on factors such as keyword density which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search, allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate. Graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, developed "Backrub," a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links. PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.
Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaming PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming.
By 2004, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. In June 2007, The New York Times' Saul Hansell stated Google ranks sites using more than 200 different signals. The leading search engines, Google, Bing, and Yahoo, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Some SEO practitioners have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have shared their personal opinions Patents related to search engines can provide information to better understand search engines.
In 2005, Google began personalizing search results for each user. Depending on their history of previous searches, Google crafted results for logged in users. In 2008, Bruce Clay said that "ranking is dead" because of personalized search. He opined that it would become meaningless to discuss how a website ranked, because its rank would potentially be different for each user and each search.
In 2007, Google announced a campaign against paid links that transfer PageRank. On June 15, 2009, Google disclosed that they had taken measures to mitigate the effects of PageRank sculpting by use of the nofollow attribute on links. Matt Cutts, a well-known software engineer at Google, announced that Google Bot would no longer treat nofollowed links in the same way, in order to prevent SEO service providers from using nofollow for PageRank sculpting. As a result of this change the usage of nofollow leads to evaporation of pagerank. In order to avoid the above, SEO engineers developed alternative techniques that replace nofollowed tags with obfuscated Javascript and thus permit PageRank sculpting. Additionally several solutions have been suggested that include the usage of iframes, Flash and Javascript.
In December 2009, Google announced it would be using the web search history of all its users in order to populate search results.
Google Instant, real-time-search, was introduced in late 2010 in an attempt to make search results more timely and relevant. Historically site administrators have spent months or even years optimizing a website to increase search rankings. With the growth in popularity of social media sites and blogs the leading engines made changes to their algorithms to allow fresh content to rank quickly within the search results.
In February 2011, Google announced the "Panda update, which penalizes websites containing content duplicated from other websites and sources. Historically websites have copied content from one another and benefited in search engine rankings by engaging in this practice, however Google implemented a new system which punishes sites whose content is not unique.
In April 2012, Google launched the Google Penguin update the goal of which was to penalise websites that used manipulative techniques to improve their rankings on the search engine.
As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic.
The plural of the abbreviation SEO can also refer to "search engine optimizers," those who provide SEO services.
Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all webmasters needed to do was to submit the address of a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a "spider" to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.
Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the phrase "search engine optimization" probably came into use in 1997. The first documented use of the term Search Engine Optimization was John Audette and his company Multimedia Marketing Group as documented by a web page from the MMG site from August, 1997.
Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provide a guide to each page's content. Using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable, however, because the webmaster's choice of keywords in the meta tag could potentially be an inaccurate representation of the site's actual content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could and did cause pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.
By relying so much on factors such as keyword density which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search, allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate. Graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, developed "Backrub," a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links. PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.
Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaming PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming.
By 2004, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. In June 2007, The New York Times' Saul Hansell stated Google ranks sites using more than 200 different signals. The leading search engines, Google, Bing, and Yahoo, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Some SEO practitioners have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have shared their personal opinions Patents related to search engines can provide information to better understand search engines.
In 2005, Google began personalizing search results for each user. Depending on their history of previous searches, Google crafted results for logged in users. In 2008, Bruce Clay said that "ranking is dead" because of personalized search. He opined that it would become meaningless to discuss how a website ranked, because its rank would potentially be different for each user and each search.
In 2007, Google announced a campaign against paid links that transfer PageRank. On June 15, 2009, Google disclosed that they had taken measures to mitigate the effects of PageRank sculpting by use of the nofollow attribute on links. Matt Cutts, a well-known software engineer at Google, announced that Google Bot would no longer treat nofollowed links in the same way, in order to prevent SEO service providers from using nofollow for PageRank sculpting. As a result of this change the usage of nofollow leads to evaporation of pagerank. In order to avoid the above, SEO engineers developed alternative techniques that replace nofollowed tags with obfuscated Javascript and thus permit PageRank sculpting. Additionally several solutions have been suggested that include the usage of iframes, Flash and Javascript.
In December 2009, Google announced it would be using the web search history of all its users in order to populate search results.
Google Instant, real-time-search, was introduced in late 2010 in an attempt to make search results more timely and relevant. Historically site administrators have spent months or even years optimizing a website to increase search rankings. With the growth in popularity of social media sites and blogs the leading engines made changes to their algorithms to allow fresh content to rank quickly within the search results.
In February 2011, Google announced the "Panda update, which penalizes websites containing content duplicated from other websites and sources. Historically websites have copied content from one another and benefited in search engine rankings by engaging in this practice, however Google implemented a new system which punishes sites whose content is not unique.
In April 2012, Google launched the Google Penguin update the goal of which was to penalise websites that used manipulative techniques to improve their rankings on the search engine.
Vacation at Miami Beach, Florida, USA
Miami Beach is a huge city with several district articles containing sightseeing, restaurant, nightlife and accommodation listings — consider printing them all.
Miami Beach is a city in Florida. This small barrier island near Miami was originally cleared of mangroves in the late 1800's to make way for a coconut farm, and was later incorporated as a city by real estate developers in 1915.
Mid Beach
Often known just as "Miami Beach", this district refers to the "Mid-beach" area between 23rd Street and 63rd Street.
Miami Beach, like Miami, has a huge Latin American population, and Spanish is a language often used for day-to-day discourse in many places. However, English is the language of preference, particularly when dealing with businesses and government. Spanglish, a mixture of English and Spanish, is a somewhat common occurrence, with bilingual locals switching between English and Spanish mid-sentence. The local Latin population is mostly Cuban exiles (which have now become second and third generation locals,) with South Americans from various countries gaining ground. There is also a large Haitian community and many signs and public announcements are in English, Spanish and Creole.
Miami Beach has been one of America's pre-eminent beach resorts for almost a century. The city of Miami Beach is a barrier island connected to the mainland city of Miami by a series of bridges. The city is often referred to under the umbrella term of "Miami”, with a population of 87,925. As a world-class destination, Miami Beach offers several kinds of lodging options. The visitor can stay in a normal hotel or choose from a variety of Miami Beach vacation rentals. Visitors can plan to stay in a Miami Beach condo rental. Miami Beach has a rich history as a trend setting arts center from the world famous nightclubs of the 1950s, to the rich cultural life of today's modern South Beach. The City of Miami Beach has an identity that is intrinsically linked to the arts, and today the entertainment, production and arts communities are stronger than ever. Miami Beach is truly a major international entertainment and cultural destination.
If you come to Miami to shop, then Miami Beach can give you the best shopping experience ever. With the famous Lincoln Road Mall and glamorous shopping centers located in South Beach and all over the island, you’ll have great options to spend your time and money in the trendy retails stores that carry garments from international designers. Art museums, ballet performances, cultural events and entertainment are a part of this great city. You will have the chance to choose from a wide variety of Miami attractions. Art Center at Lincoln Road has performance art exhibitions. Classes and courses are available as well and they include photography, jewelry-making and painting.
Beyond the radiant sun, surf and sand, discover Miami Beach’s rich history as an entertainment and cultural destination, from world-famous Art Deco architecture to renowned nightclubs to designer fashions on Collins Ave and Lincoln Rd. There’s so much going on in Miami Beach, you will need an extra day to enjoy everything that makes this city so vibrant. Plan to lodge in an affordable Miami vacation home and completely enjoy the world’s elite playground. Miami Beach promises a 25-hour day, and whether you're an arts enthusiast, a socialite or a sun worshipper, there are plenty of options for where to spend that extra hour.
You can take the J or 150 Bus from Miami International Airport to Miami Beach. To Get to South Beach, then transfer to a southbound C, L, or S bus. The fare is approximately $2. If you get the 150, you can also transfer to the South Beach Local at the last stop.
From Fort Lauderdale Airport, you can take the #1 Broward County bus to Aventura Mall for the Miami-Dade S bus.
By bike
Miami Beach has become more bicycle friendly in recent years with the addition of new bike paths and bike lanes, although not as comprehensive as other major cities. Notable additions to the biking and pedestrian infrastructure include the paved "Beach Walk" which runs parallel to Ocean Drive and Collins Avenue and is directly on the beach, plus the new South Point Park along the bay. In Miami Beach and South Beach riding is permitted on sidewalks, which luckily are wider than average. That said, it doesn't stop many people from trying to utilize bicycles (including locals) to get around town. Pedestrians and drivers tend to be tolerant of bikers and willing to share the right of way. However, be prepared to slow down and go on foot, particularly on the congested streets closer to the beach. Absent heavy auto traffic, South Beach is biking bliss.
There are better attempts at bike-friendliness in the South Beach district, where most of the bike rental shops are located. Lummus Park and Lincoln Road Mall are great for bikers, and have plenty of bike racks throughout; meanwhile, if you are trying to go north or south, go a few blocks west and take one of the roads less traveled. Meridian Ave is a good choice: plenty of interesting Miami-style houses to see and a local park. If you didn't bring your own bike, bike rentals will run about $8/hour or $30/day (or 24-hour time period).
Collected From Wiki Internet.
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Miami Beach is a city in Florida. This small barrier island near Miami was originally cleared of mangroves in the late 1800's to make way for a coconut farm, and was later incorporated as a city by real estate developers in 1915.
Climate
Despite occasional cold snaps, Miami Beach is known for its genrally warm, muggy weather. Located just above the Tropic of Cancer, Miami Beach has a subtropical climate, with dry, warm winters and springs, and hot, humid and rainy summers and falls. Miami Beach, due to ocean breezes, has lower humidity and heat than inland areas in South Florida, and also does not get as cool as inland South Florida during cold spells.Districts
Although tourists generally consider Miami Beach to be part of Miami, it is in actuality its own municipality. Located on a barrier island east of Miami and Biscayne Bay, it is home to a large number of beach resorts and is one of the most popular spring break party destinations in the world. Because of its length, it is generally broken up into three districts.Mid Beach
Often known just as "Miami Beach", this district refers to the "Mid-beach" area between 23rd Street and 63rd Street.
| South Beach Southern tip of the island to about 23rd Street. |
| North Beach Northern tip of the island, from about 63rd Street on up |
Understand
Miami Beach is a barrier island connected to the mainland city of Miami by a series of bridges.Miami Beach, like Miami, has a huge Latin American population, and Spanish is a language often used for day-to-day discourse in many places. However, English is the language of preference, particularly when dealing with businesses and government. Spanglish, a mixture of English and Spanish, is a somewhat common occurrence, with bilingual locals switching between English and Spanish mid-sentence. The local Latin population is mostly Cuban exiles (which have now become second and third generation locals,) with South Americans from various countries gaining ground. There is also a large Haitian community and many signs and public announcements are in English, Spanish and Creole.
Miami Beach has been one of America's pre-eminent beach resorts for almost a century. The city of Miami Beach is a barrier island connected to the mainland city of Miami by a series of bridges. The city is often referred to under the umbrella term of "Miami”, with a population of 87,925. As a world-class destination, Miami Beach offers several kinds of lodging options. The visitor can stay in a normal hotel or choose from a variety of Miami Beach vacation rentals. Visitors can plan to stay in a Miami Beach condo rental. Miami Beach has a rich history as a trend setting arts center from the world famous nightclubs of the 1950s, to the rich cultural life of today's modern South Beach. The City of Miami Beach has an identity that is intrinsically linked to the arts, and today the entertainment, production and arts communities are stronger than ever. Miami Beach is truly a major international entertainment and cultural destination.
If you come to Miami to shop, then Miami Beach can give you the best shopping experience ever. With the famous Lincoln Road Mall and glamorous shopping centers located in South Beach and all over the island, you’ll have great options to spend your time and money in the trendy retails stores that carry garments from international designers. Art museums, ballet performances, cultural events and entertainment are a part of this great city. You will have the chance to choose from a wide variety of Miami attractions. Art Center at Lincoln Road has performance art exhibitions. Classes and courses are available as well and they include photography, jewelry-making and painting.
Beyond the radiant sun, surf and sand, discover Miami Beach’s rich history as an entertainment and cultural destination, from world-famous Art Deco architecture to renowned nightclubs to designer fashions on Collins Ave and Lincoln Rd. There’s so much going on in Miami Beach, you will need an extra day to enjoy everything that makes this city so vibrant. Plan to lodge in an affordable Miami vacation home and completely enjoy the world’s elite playground. Miami Beach promises a 25-hour day, and whether you're an arts enthusiast, a socialite or a sun worshipper, there are plenty of options for where to spend that extra hour.
By plane
Miami International Airport (MIA) is closest, but Fort Lauderdale International Airport (FLL) is only around 40 minutes away (depending on traffic) by shuttle and the rates are often better.You can take the J or 150 Bus from Miami International Airport to Miami Beach. To Get to South Beach, then transfer to a southbound C, L, or S bus. The fare is approximately $2. If you get the 150, you can also transfer to the South Beach Local at the last stop.
From Fort Lauderdale Airport, you can take the #1 Broward County bus to Aventura Mall for the Miami-Dade S bus.
Get around
Taxis are generally expensive, but available at almost any time and place. Car rentals are the most convenient form of transportation for visitors, with local companies offering better prices but national chains offering more convenience regarding return policies and shop times.Public Transportation
When traveling within Miami Beach, a good choice is the South Beach Local, a shuttle bus that operates in a loop from 19th St to the southern end of Miami Beach (buses travel in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions). Fare is only 25 cents. Regional transit buses throughout the greater Miami area are available, but may be slow and inconvenient. Schedules and routes are available from the Miami-Dade Transit website or by calling +1 305 770 3131.By electric golf cart
South Beach Decocarts, 1000 5th St, +1 786 383 2278 is the newest addition with stylish Eco-friendly golf cart rentals. Hourly, daily and weekly rentals are available. Each Decocart can fit 4 adults (great for groups) and requires a driver's license. It can hold shopping bags and other items you won't be able to transport with a bike or scooter. Decocarts also offers trendy E-Bikes that don't require a license.By bike
Miami Beach has become more bicycle friendly in recent years with the addition of new bike paths and bike lanes, although not as comprehensive as other major cities. Notable additions to the biking and pedestrian infrastructure include the paved "Beach Walk" which runs parallel to Ocean Drive and Collins Avenue and is directly on the beach, plus the new South Point Park along the bay. In Miami Beach and South Beach riding is permitted on sidewalks, which luckily are wider than average. That said, it doesn't stop many people from trying to utilize bicycles (including locals) to get around town. Pedestrians and drivers tend to be tolerant of bikers and willing to share the right of way. However, be prepared to slow down and go on foot, particularly on the congested streets closer to the beach. Absent heavy auto traffic, South Beach is biking bliss.
There are better attempts at bike-friendliness in the South Beach district, where most of the bike rental shops are located. Lummus Park and Lincoln Road Mall are great for bikers, and have plenty of bike racks throughout; meanwhile, if you are trying to go north or south, go a few blocks west and take one of the roads less traveled. Meridian Ave is a good choice: plenty of interesting Miami-style houses to see and a local park. If you didn't bring your own bike, bike rentals will run about $8/hour or $30/day (or 24-hour time period).
- City of Miami Beach "DecoBike" Official Bike Rental & Sharing Program, 723 Washington Ave., +1 305 532 9494. Rent a bike from any of 100 stations in the city and simply drop off to any station when done. DecoBike provides maps for self-guided Art Deco bike tours. Available to both residents and visitors.
- Miami Beach Bicycle Center, 601 5th St, +1 305 674 0150.
- Two Wheel Drive, 1260 Washington Ave, +1 305 534 2177.
- Bike and Roll, 760 Washington, +1 305 538 2121
By free taxi
They say there's no such thing as a free ride, but that's exactly what SWOOP Miami (+1 305 409-6636) is. Supported by advertisements, the SWOOP taxi is a six-passenger white electric golf cart that will pick you up and take you anywhere within South Beach — no fee or fare required, although the drivers will gladly accept tips. Call ahead to be picked up within 15 minutes, anytime between noon and 2AM daily. Unfortunately, though they have "Miami" in the name, they won't go outside the South Beach district.Collected From Wiki Internet.
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Indigo Girls
The Indigo Girls are an American folk rock music duo consisting of Amy Ray and Emily Saliers. They met in elementary school and began performing together as high school students in Decatur, Georgia, part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. They started performing with the name Indigo Girls as students at Emory University, performing weekly at The Dugout, a bar in the Emory Village.
They released a self-produced, full-length record album in 1987 and contracted with a major record company in 1988. After releasing nine albums with major record labels from 1987 through 2007, they have now resumed self-producing albums with their own IG Recordings company.
Outside of working on Indigo Girls-related projects, Ray has released solo albums and founded a non profit organization that promotes independent musicians, while Saliers is an entrepreneur in the restaurant industry as well as a professional author; she also collaborates with her father, Dr. Don Saliers, in performing for special groups/causes. Both Saliers and Ray self-identify as lesbian and are active in political and environmental causes.
Early years
Amy Ray and Emily Saliers first met and got to know each other as students at Laurel Ridge Elementary School in DeKalb County, Georgia, just outside of Decatur, Georgia, but were not friends because Saliers was a grade older than Ray. While attending Shamrock High School (now Druid Hills Middle School), they became better acquainted, and started performing together, first as "The B-Band" and then as "Saliers and Ray".
Saliers graduated and began attending Tulane University. A year later, Ray graduated and began attending Vanderbilt University. Homesick, both returned to Georgia and transferred to Emory University.
By 1985 they had begun performing together again, this time as the Indigo Girls. In a March 2007 National Public Radio Talk of the Nation interview, Saliers stated "we needed a name and we went through the dictionary looking for words that struck us and indigo was one."[1]
Their first release in 1985 was a seven-inch single named "Crazy Game", with the B-side "Everybody's Waiting (for Someone to Come Home)". That same year, the Indigo Girls released a six-track Extended play album named "Indigo Girls", and in 1987 released their first full-length album, Strange Fire, recorded at John Keane Studio in Athens, Georgia, and including "Crazy Game". With this release, they secured the services of Russell Carter, who remains their manager to the present; they had first approached him when the EP album was released, but he told them their songs were "immature" and they were not likely to get a record deal. Strange Fire apparently changed his opinion.
Epic Records (1988–2005)
The success of 10,000 Maniacs, Tracy Chapman, and Suzanne Vega encouraged Epic Records company to enlist other folk-based female singer-songwriters; Epic signed the duo in 1988. Their first major-label release, also named Indigo Girls, which scored #22 on the album chart, included a new version of "Land of Canaan", which was also on their 1985 EP album and on Strange Fire. Also on the self-titled release was their first hit "Closer To Fine" (an unlikely collaboration with Irish band Hothouse Flowers), which scored #52 on the popular music chart and #26 on the modern rock chart. They even managed one week on the mainstream rock album-oriented rock music chart at #48.[2][3] In 1990, they won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. They were also nominated for Best New Artist (but lost to Milli Vanilli who eventually had that award revoked).
Their second album, Nomads Indians Saints, went gold in December 1991 and included the hit song "Hammer and a Nail", a #12 modern rock music track; it was not as successful as their first, which was certified platinum at about the same time. The Indigo Girls followed it with the live Back on the Bus, Y'all and 1992's album Rites of Passage, featuring the song "Galileo", the duo's first top 10 modern rock music track (#10). This was followed by Swamp Ophelia in 1994, which went platinum in September 1996, and charted at #9 on the Billboard 200 album chart.
In 1995, the Indigo Girls released a live, double CD, 1200 Curfews. Shaming of the Sun was released in 1997 followed by Come on Now Social in 1999. Shaming of the Sun debuted at number seven on the Billboard charts, driven by the duo's contribution to the Lilith Fair music festival tour. The track "Shame on You" received more airplay on adult alternative, top 40 and adult top 40 radio stations than any of their previous singles, although this seemed to be a peak in their crossover success.
Retrospective, a compilation album with two new tracks, was released in 2000 and Become You followed two years later. Their last Epic studio album was All That We Let In, released in 2004 with an accompanying tour. On June 14, 2005, they released Rarities, a collection of B-sides and rare tracks partially decided by fan's input, which fulfilled the album count obligation for their contract with Epic.
Hollywood Records (2006–07)
Indigo Girls performing in 2005.
After departing Epic, the Indigo Girls signed a five-record deal with Hollywood Records. Their first (and only) Hollywood album, Despite Our Differences, produced by Mitchell Froom, was released on September 19, 2006. John Metzger from MusicBox Online described Despite our Differences as "the most infectious, pop-infused set that the duo ever has managed to concoct. In fact, its melodies, harmonies, and arrangements are so ingratiating that the album carries the weight of an instant classic." Thom Jurek from Allmusic wrote: "part of an emotional journey as complete as can be. More relevant than anyone dared expect. It's accessible and moving and true. It's their own brand of rock & roll, hewn from over the years, that bears a signature that is now indelible. A moving, and utterly poetic offering."
The Indigo Girls contract was terminated by Hollywood Records during their 2007 tour to support the album.
Independent work (2007–present)
Following their break with Hollywood Records, the Indigo Girls announced their next record would be released independently. Poseidon and the Bitter Bug was released on March 24, 2009, from IG Recordings, the Indigo Girls' label, and distributed through Vanguard Records. This album is their first fully independent release since 1987's Strange Fire, and their first two-CD set since 1995's live album 1200 Curfews; the first disc has the 10 tracks accompanied by a backing band, and the second includes the same 10 songs with only Ray and Saliers on vocals and acoustic guitars, and an additional track. On June 29, 2010 Indigo Girl's 2nd full length live album 'Staring Down the Brilliant Dream' was released on IG Recordings/Vanguard Records. This was followed up on October 12, 2010 with their first holiday album 'Holly Happy Days'. Indigo Girls' thirteenth studio album 'Beauty Queen Sister' was released on October 4, 2011 (IG Recordings/Vanguard Records).
Songwriting
Ray and Saliers do not ordinarily collaborate in writing songs. They write separately and work out the arrangements together. There are a few exceptions, mostly unreleased songs from their early, pre-Epic days: "I Don't Know Your Name" and "If You Live Like That." "Blood Quantum," which appears on Honor: A Benefit for the Honor the Earth Campaign featured Ray's verses and chorus and Saliers's bridge. Finally, "I'll Give You My Skin," which appears both on Tame Yourself (Benefit People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and on the Indigo Girls release Rarities, is a collaborative work by Ray, Saliers, and Michael Stipe which is doubly rare, as Saliers and Ray usually write their songs without outside collaborators.
They released a self-produced, full-length record album in 1987 and contracted with a major record company in 1988. After releasing nine albums with major record labels from 1987 through 2007, they have now resumed self-producing albums with their own IG Recordings company.
Outside of working on Indigo Girls-related projects, Ray has released solo albums and founded a non profit organization that promotes independent musicians, while Saliers is an entrepreneur in the restaurant industry as well as a professional author; she also collaborates with her father, Dr. Don Saliers, in performing for special groups/causes. Both Saliers and Ray self-identify as lesbian and are active in political and environmental causes.
Early years
Amy Ray and Emily Saliers first met and got to know each other as students at Laurel Ridge Elementary School in DeKalb County, Georgia, just outside of Decatur, Georgia, but were not friends because Saliers was a grade older than Ray. While attending Shamrock High School (now Druid Hills Middle School), they became better acquainted, and started performing together, first as "The B-Band" and then as "Saliers and Ray".
Saliers graduated and began attending Tulane University. A year later, Ray graduated and began attending Vanderbilt University. Homesick, both returned to Georgia and transferred to Emory University.
By 1985 they had begun performing together again, this time as the Indigo Girls. In a March 2007 National Public Radio Talk of the Nation interview, Saliers stated "we needed a name and we went through the dictionary looking for words that struck us and indigo was one."[1]
Their first release in 1985 was a seven-inch single named "Crazy Game", with the B-side "Everybody's Waiting (for Someone to Come Home)". That same year, the Indigo Girls released a six-track Extended play album named "Indigo Girls", and in 1987 released their first full-length album, Strange Fire, recorded at John Keane Studio in Athens, Georgia, and including "Crazy Game". With this release, they secured the services of Russell Carter, who remains their manager to the present; they had first approached him when the EP album was released, but he told them their songs were "immature" and they were not likely to get a record deal. Strange Fire apparently changed his opinion.
Epic Records (1988–2005)
The success of 10,000 Maniacs, Tracy Chapman, and Suzanne Vega encouraged Epic Records company to enlist other folk-based female singer-songwriters; Epic signed the duo in 1988. Their first major-label release, also named Indigo Girls, which scored #22 on the album chart, included a new version of "Land of Canaan", which was also on their 1985 EP album and on Strange Fire. Also on the self-titled release was their first hit "Closer To Fine" (an unlikely collaboration with Irish band Hothouse Flowers), which scored #52 on the popular music chart and #26 on the modern rock chart. They even managed one week on the mainstream rock album-oriented rock music chart at #48.[2][3] In 1990, they won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. They were also nominated for Best New Artist (but lost to Milli Vanilli who eventually had that award revoked).
Their second album, Nomads Indians Saints, went gold in December 1991 and included the hit song "Hammer and a Nail", a #12 modern rock music track; it was not as successful as their first, which was certified platinum at about the same time. The Indigo Girls followed it with the live Back on the Bus, Y'all and 1992's album Rites of Passage, featuring the song "Galileo", the duo's first top 10 modern rock music track (#10). This was followed by Swamp Ophelia in 1994, which went platinum in September 1996, and charted at #9 on the Billboard 200 album chart.
In 1995, the Indigo Girls released a live, double CD, 1200 Curfews. Shaming of the Sun was released in 1997 followed by Come on Now Social in 1999. Shaming of the Sun debuted at number seven on the Billboard charts, driven by the duo's contribution to the Lilith Fair music festival tour. The track "Shame on You" received more airplay on adult alternative, top 40 and adult top 40 radio stations than any of their previous singles, although this seemed to be a peak in their crossover success.
Retrospective, a compilation album with two new tracks, was released in 2000 and Become You followed two years later. Their last Epic studio album was All That We Let In, released in 2004 with an accompanying tour. On June 14, 2005, they released Rarities, a collection of B-sides and rare tracks partially decided by fan's input, which fulfilled the album count obligation for their contract with Epic.
Hollywood Records (2006–07)
Indigo Girls performing in 2005.
After departing Epic, the Indigo Girls signed a five-record deal with Hollywood Records. Their first (and only) Hollywood album, Despite Our Differences, produced by Mitchell Froom, was released on September 19, 2006. John Metzger from MusicBox Online described Despite our Differences as "the most infectious, pop-infused set that the duo ever has managed to concoct. In fact, its melodies, harmonies, and arrangements are so ingratiating that the album carries the weight of an instant classic." Thom Jurek from Allmusic wrote: "part of an emotional journey as complete as can be. More relevant than anyone dared expect. It's accessible and moving and true. It's their own brand of rock & roll, hewn from over the years, that bears a signature that is now indelible. A moving, and utterly poetic offering."
The Indigo Girls contract was terminated by Hollywood Records during their 2007 tour to support the album.
Independent work (2007–present)
Following their break with Hollywood Records, the Indigo Girls announced their next record would be released independently. Poseidon and the Bitter Bug was released on March 24, 2009, from IG Recordings, the Indigo Girls' label, and distributed through Vanguard Records. This album is their first fully independent release since 1987's Strange Fire, and their first two-CD set since 1995's live album 1200 Curfews; the first disc has the 10 tracks accompanied by a backing band, and the second includes the same 10 songs with only Ray and Saliers on vocals and acoustic guitars, and an additional track. On June 29, 2010 Indigo Girl's 2nd full length live album 'Staring Down the Brilliant Dream' was released on IG Recordings/Vanguard Records. This was followed up on October 12, 2010 with their first holiday album 'Holly Happy Days'. Indigo Girls' thirteenth studio album 'Beauty Queen Sister' was released on October 4, 2011 (IG Recordings/Vanguard Records).
Songwriting
Ray and Saliers do not ordinarily collaborate in writing songs. They write separately and work out the arrangements together. There are a few exceptions, mostly unreleased songs from their early, pre-Epic days: "I Don't Know Your Name" and "If You Live Like That." "Blood Quantum," which appears on Honor: A Benefit for the Honor the Earth Campaign featured Ray's verses and chorus and Saliers's bridge. Finally, "I'll Give You My Skin," which appears both on Tame Yourself (Benefit People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and on the Indigo Girls release Rarities, is a collaborative work by Ray, Saliers, and Michael Stipe which is doubly rare, as Saliers and Ray usually write their songs without outside collaborators.
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples in North America within the boundaries of the present-day continental United States, Alaska, and the island state of Hawaii. They are composed of numerous, distinct Native American tribes and ethnic groups, many of which survive as intact political communities. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have been controversial. According to a 1995 U.S. Census Bureau set of home interviews, most of the respondents with an expressed preference refer to themselves as American Indians (or simply Indians), and this term has been adopted by major newspapers and some academic groups; however, this term does not typically include Native Hawaiians or certain Alaskan Natives, such as Aleut, Yup'ik, or Inuit peoples.
Since the end of the 15th century, the migration of Europeans to the Americas, and their importation of Africans as slaves, has led to centuries of conflict and adjustment between Old and New World societies. Europeans created most of the early written historical record about Native Americans after the colonists' immigration to the Americas.[2] Many Native Americans lived as hunter-gatherer societies and told their histories by oral traditions. In many groups, women carried out sophisticated cultivation of numerous varieties of staple crops: maize, beans and squash. The indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the agrarian, proto-industrial, mostly Christian immigrants from western Eurasia. Many Native cultures were matrilineal; the people occupied lands for use of the entire community, for hunting or agriculture. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of individual property rights with respect to land that were extremely different.
The differences in cultures between the established Native Americans and immigrant Europeans, as well as shifting alliances among different nations of each culture through the centuries, caused extensive political tension, ethnic violence and social disruption. The Native Americans suffered high fatalities from the contact with infectious Eurasian diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity. Epidemics after European contact caused the greatest loss of life for indigenous populations. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of what today constitutes the U.S. vary significantly, ranging from 1 million to 18 million.[3][3][4]
After the colonies revolted against Great Britain and established the United States of America, President George Washington and Henry Knox conceived of the idea of "civilizing" Native Americans in preparation for assimilation as U.S. citizens.[5][6][7][8][9] Assimilation (whether voluntary as with the Choctaw,[10][11] or forced) became a consistent policy through American administrations. During the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands, warfare between the groups, and rising tensions. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to relocate Native Americans from their homelands within established states to lands west of the Mississippi River, accommodating European-American expansion.
The first European Americans to encounter the western interior tribes were generally fur traders and trappers. There were also Jesuit missionaries active in the Northern Tier. As United States expansion reached into the American West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains, and other Western tribes. These were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. They carried out strong resistance to United States incursions in the decades after the American Civil War, in a series of Indian Wars, which were frequent up until the 1890s, but continued into the 20th century. The transcontinental railroad brought more non-Natives into tribal land in the west. Over time, the U.S. forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, and established reservations for them in many western states. U.S. agents encouraged Native Americans to adopt European-style farming and similar pursuits, but European-American agricultural technology of the time was inadequate for often dry reservation lands. In 1924, Native Americans who were not already U.S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress.
Contemporary Native Americans have a unique relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes, or bands with sovereignty and treaty rights. Since the late 1960s, Native American activism has led to the building of cultural infrastructure and wider recognition: they have founded independent newspapers and online media; FNX, the first Native American television channel (2011),[12] community schools, tribal colleges, and tribal museums and language programs; Native American studies programs in major universities; and national and state museums. Native American and Alaskan Native authors have been increasingly published; they work as academics, policymakers, doctors, and in a wide variety of occupations. Cultural activism has led to an expansion of efforts to teach and preserve indigenous languages for younger generations. Their societies and cultures flourish within a larger population of descendants of immigrants (both voluntary and involuntary): African, Asian, Middle Eastern, European, and other peoples.
Since the end of the 15th century, the migration of Europeans to the Americas, and their importation of Africans as slaves, has led to centuries of conflict and adjustment between Old and New World societies. Europeans created most of the early written historical record about Native Americans after the colonists' immigration to the Americas.[2] Many Native Americans lived as hunter-gatherer societies and told their histories by oral traditions. In many groups, women carried out sophisticated cultivation of numerous varieties of staple crops: maize, beans and squash. The indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the agrarian, proto-industrial, mostly Christian immigrants from western Eurasia. Many Native cultures were matrilineal; the people occupied lands for use of the entire community, for hunting or agriculture. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of individual property rights with respect to land that were extremely different.
The differences in cultures between the established Native Americans and immigrant Europeans, as well as shifting alliances among different nations of each culture through the centuries, caused extensive political tension, ethnic violence and social disruption. The Native Americans suffered high fatalities from the contact with infectious Eurasian diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity. Epidemics after European contact caused the greatest loss of life for indigenous populations. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of what today constitutes the U.S. vary significantly, ranging from 1 million to 18 million.[3][3][4]
After the colonies revolted against Great Britain and established the United States of America, President George Washington and Henry Knox conceived of the idea of "civilizing" Native Americans in preparation for assimilation as U.S. citizens.[5][6][7][8][9] Assimilation (whether voluntary as with the Choctaw,[10][11] or forced) became a consistent policy through American administrations. During the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands, warfare between the groups, and rising tensions. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, authorizing the government to relocate Native Americans from their homelands within established states to lands west of the Mississippi River, accommodating European-American expansion.
The first European Americans to encounter the western interior tribes were generally fur traders and trappers. There were also Jesuit missionaries active in the Northern Tier. As United States expansion reached into the American West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains, and other Western tribes. These were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. They carried out strong resistance to United States incursions in the decades after the American Civil War, in a series of Indian Wars, which were frequent up until the 1890s, but continued into the 20th century. The transcontinental railroad brought more non-Natives into tribal land in the west. Over time, the U.S. forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, and established reservations for them in many western states. U.S. agents encouraged Native Americans to adopt European-style farming and similar pursuits, but European-American agricultural technology of the time was inadequate for often dry reservation lands. In 1924, Native Americans who were not already U.S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress.
Contemporary Native Americans have a unique relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes, or bands with sovereignty and treaty rights. Since the late 1960s, Native American activism has led to the building of cultural infrastructure and wider recognition: they have founded independent newspapers and online media; FNX, the first Native American television channel (2011),[12] community schools, tribal colleges, and tribal museums and language programs; Native American studies programs in major universities; and national and state museums. Native American and Alaskan Native authors have been increasingly published; they work as academics, policymakers, doctors, and in a wide variety of occupations. Cultural activism has led to an expansion of efforts to teach and preserve indigenous languages for younger generations. Their societies and cultures flourish within a larger population of descendants of immigrants (both voluntary and involuntary): African, Asian, Middle Eastern, European, and other peoples.
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১. নিজেকে অযথা উত্তেজিত হতে দিবেন না , আপনি জানেন যে ব্যপার টি হতে চলেছে তাই ধৈর্য ধরুন ।
২. ব্যাপারটি নিয়ে তাড়াহুড়া করবেন না, ধীরে শুরু করুন
৩.সঙ্গিনীর
গায়ে হাত দেয়ার আগে তার সাথে রোমান্টিকতা করুন , তাকে আপনার দেয়া আদুরে
নাম ধরে ডাকুন , তাকে জানান যে আপনি তাকে ভালবাসেন।
এর
কারন হল পুরুষ এর যৌন চাহিদা জৈবিক , কিন্তু নারীদের তা নয় । তাদের এই
চাহিদা মস্তিষ্ক নিয়ন্ত্রিত , তাই উত্তেজিত হতে সময় লাগে ।
যদি সঙ্গিনির মন খারাপ , শরীর খারাপ থাকে তাহলে মিলন করবেন না কারন, তখন তার শরীর সাড়া দেবে না ।
৪.চুম্বন দিয়ে শুরু করুন এবং তা দীর্ঘায়িত করুন ।
৫. স্পর্শ কাতর অংশে প্রথমেই
হাত দিবেন না, তার আশে পাশে স্পর্শ করুন , যখন বুঝবেন আপনার সঙ্গিনীর
উত্তেজন উঠছে তখন স্পর্শ কাতর অংশে মৃদু ভাবে আদর করুন ।
৬. আপনার সঙ্গিনী পুরোপুরি উত্তেজিত হবার ১-২ মিনিট পর মিলনের প্রস্তুতি নিন ।
(শোবার ঘরটি সুন্দর করে সাজিয়ে রাখুন , এটি শুধু ঘুম এবং যৌন মিলনের জন্য
ব্যবহার করুন । মিলনের সময় ঘরে হালকা আলো জ্বালিয়ে রাখুন , রোমান্টিক গান
চালু রাখুন । )
১. সঙ্গিনীর দেহে প্রবেশ এর
পূর্বে আপনার যৌনাঙ্গ দিয়ে দিয়ে তার যৌনাঙ্গে হালকা ভাবে আদর করুন ,
সঙ্গীকে জানান যে আপনি এখন প্রবেশ করতে যাচ্ছেন , এর ফলে সে আপনাকে ভিতরে
নেয়ার জন্য মানসিক ভাবে প্রস্তুত হবে ।
২. কক্ষনোই জোর করে ঢুকার
চেষ্টা করবেন না , যদি দেখেন যে আপনার সঙ্গিনীর যৌনাঙ্গ আপনাকে নেয়ার জন্য
প্রস্তুত নয় তবে তাকে আশ্বাস দিন যে অসুবিধা নেই , সঙ্গিনীকে রাগ দেখাবেন
না । যৌনাঙ্গ সবসময় এক ধরনের Response নাও দিতে পারে। যদি রাগ দেখান
তাহলে পরবর্তীতে সে উত্তেজিত হবার বদলে ভয় পাবে এবং তার মস্তিস্ক Response
করতে প্রচুর সময় নিবে ।
৩. প্রবেশ এর পর আস্তে আস্তে
আদর করুন , সঙ্গিনীকে মন থেকে ভালোবাসার কথা বলুন , তার সারা শরীর এ হাত
বুলান । মনে রাখবেন যে , যদি আপনার সঙ্গী আপনার কাছ থেকে ভালবাসা পূর্ণ
শারীরিক আদর লাভ করে তাহলে এটি তার কাছে আনন্দময় মুহূর্ত হিসেবে গণ্য হবে ,
এবং তা সুখকর স্মৃতি হিসেবে তার মস্তিস্কে জমা হবে । ফলাফল হিসেবে
পরবর্তীতে যৌন মিলনের সময় তার Response অনেক ভালো হবে ।
৪. সঙ্গিনীকে ব্যথা দিবেন না ।
মাঝে মাঝে প্রশ্ন করুন যে তার কেমন লাগছে । যদি দেখেন যে আপনার সঙ্গিনীর
যোনি রস কমে আসছে বা শুকিয়ে আসছে তাহলে সঙ্গম শেষ করে দিন , জোর করে
দীর্ঘায়িত করবেন না ।
৫. মিলনের এক পর্যায়ে যখন আপনি অনুভব করছেন যে আপনার একটি শিরশিরে অনুভূতি
হচ্ছে এবং এই অনুভূতি আর একটু বাড়লেই আপনার বীর্যপাত হয়ে যাবে , তখন
কোমর সঞ্চালন বন্ধ করুন । চুপচাপ সঙ্গিনীর উপর শুয়ে থাকুন এবং তাকে গলায়
বা কানে চুমু দিন। চোখ বা চুলের প্রশংসা করুন । আলতো ভাবে তাকে আদর করুন ।
এতে আপনার মনোযোগ অন্য দিকে সরবে এবং শিরশিরে অনুভূতি কমে গিয়ে যৌনাঙ্গ
আবার স্বাভাবিক হবে । এরপর আবার মিলন শুরু করুন । প্রক্রিয়া টি ২-৩ বার এর
বেশী প্রয়োগ করবেন না ।
৬. আসন পরিবর্তন করুন । এক এক দম্পতি এক এক আসনে তৃপ্তি বোধ করেন , তাই
ধীরে ধীরে জেনে নিন আপনাদের কোন আসন পছন্দ । সেগুলো প্রয়োগ করুন ।
৭. মিলনের সময় যদি অল্প সময়ে নারী সঙ্গির যোনি রস শুকিয়ে আসে , বা পুরুষ
সঙ্গির লিঙ্গ তেমন শক্ত না হয় , বা দ্রুত বীর্যপাত হয়ে যায় তাহলে
সঙ্গীকে দোষারোপ করবেন না । নিয়মিত যৌন জীবন এর মাঝে মাসে ২-৪ বার এরকম
হতেই পারে । সঙ্গীকে জানান যে কোন অসুবিধা নেই । পরের বার ভালো হবে ।
প্রত্যেক বার যে পূর্ণ যৌন মিলন করতেই হবে এমন কথা নেই ।
৮. এক এক দম্পতি উত্তেজিত হবার এক এক নিয়ম ( যেমন , চুম্বন , ব্লো-জব )
পছন্দ করেন , জেনে নিন আপনাদের কোনটি পছন্দ । সেটি করুন । একক সিদ্ধান্ত
নেবেন না । আপনার সঙ্গী যদি কোনটি পছন্দ না করেন তবে সেটি করবেন না ।
৯.আপনার ইচ্ছা করছে কিন্তু আপনার সঙ্গীর করছেনা । তাহলে নিজেকে সংযত করুন ।
১০.ঘরে নগ্ন চলাফেরা করবেন না তাহলে শরীরের প্রতি আকর্ষণ কমে যেতে পারে ।
১১. নারী সঙ্গীরা রাতে শোবার আগে পোশাক পরিবর্তন করে যৌন উত্তেজক পোশাক পড়ুন ।
১২. নারী সঙ্গীরা ভাববেন না যে পুরুষ সঙ্গিরাই সবসময় আমন্ত্রণ জানাবে । আপনিও জানান । নিজের যৌন চাহিদা প্রকাশ করুন ।
How to improve Sex Power by Herbal Medicine
Losing sexual power is one of the worst nightmares of a man. Sex life is
very important for men and satisfying their partner plays an important
part in their lives. A man will always associate his performance in bed
with his level of masculinity, so losing sexual power means to him that
he is no longer men enough to deserve the woman next to him. Losing
sexual power can derive from many causes. It can be the result of a
disease or of aging. In younger men that don’t suffer of any disease
lost sexual power usually happens due to over masturbation and excessive
nightfall. It is usually the first consequence of these two bad
practices.
There are many ways nowadays to restore lost manhood. With all the
available products on the market, a low libido and sex drive are no
longer associated with growing old. Regardless what caused your diminish
of sexual power, there is a remedy to solve the problem. However, when
you choose one, you must be extremely careful. You have to first
determine if your condition is a consequence of a disease, of over
masturbation or of nightfall. It is neither recommended nor safe to use
over the counter products that contain artificial substances and that
promise you an extraordinary sex life. Artificial substances can have
side effects and can interact with other medication you might be taking
or other medical conditions.
Especially if you are not sure about the root cause of your problem, it
would be better to restore lost sexual power using natural products.
There are many herbs that have a reputation in solving men sexual
problems and in rejuvenating you. Our ancestors weren’t at all concerned
about their lovemaking performances because they were using the right
herbs in the right combination and they were maintaining them in good
shape.
Herbal supplements not only help you restore lost sexual power, but also
make you last longer, enjoy harder erections and improve your overall
performance. If you wonder how they do this, the answer is simple.
Sexual potency is strongly connected with how good your blood flow is
and with your level of testosterone. Herbal supplements such as Booster
capsules cover these two important aspects and also other ones involved
in being sexually powerful and enhance your body’s natural abilities to
make love. A natural approach is always better because, after all, you
plan to rejuvenate your body and you wouldn’t like to do this with the
risk of developing unpleasant side effects that might affect your well
being on the long run.
Women's sexual response
Do all women have the same sexual feelings? No they don't. In
actual fact, women vary enormously in their
sexual drive. Some
don't feel very interested in sex at all – whereas others are passionate and
wild about it.
But an extraordinary change has taken place in the last 50 years or so. Back in the mid-20th century, it was generally felt by doctors that most women fell into the 'not very interested' group - and that only a few were enthusiastically sexy.
By the 21st century, all that had changed. Today, it is widely assumed by the media - and by many of the public - that most women are easily aroused by sexual stimuli and that only a minority have little interest in sex.
In fact, that isn't really true. Our research indicates that although most modern females are much more 'open' about sex, and are keen to enjoy it; it takes them time to learn how to do this.
Indeed, a small study which we completed in 2005 indicated that a considerable proportion of young women just starting at university have thus far developed very little interest in sex (or knowledge about it), and have not even learned to reach orgasm yet. However, many of them do become very much more ‘sexually charged’ as the years progress.
Unlike males – most of whom can 'come' easily from the moment they reach puberty – females will often spend a couple of years experimenting with their sexual feelings before they eventually learn how to come regularly and reliably.
But once women have learned to cast off their inhibitions and enjoy sex, they tend to respond to sexual stimuli in very much the same way.
At the same time her pulse rate starts to go up, and the pupils of her eyes get bigger. Incidentally, this widening of the pupils makes her more attractive sexually. In the olden days, drugs like belladonna ('beautiful woman') were used to produce this effect.
The reason for this moistening is to lubricate her vagina, in preparation for possible sexual activity.
At the same time, various other things happen:
If she is fair-skinned, a faint pink 'rash' will develop at the base of her neck and over her breasts.
At that moment, nearly all women cry out – sometimes very loudly! The muscles of their faces and bodies contract violently (but very enjoyably) – and then after a while everything relaxes.
But an extraordinary change has taken place in the last 50 years or so. Back in the mid-20th century, it was generally felt by doctors that most women fell into the 'not very interested' group - and that only a few were enthusiastically sexy.
By the 21st century, all that had changed. Today, it is widely assumed by the media - and by many of the public - that most women are easily aroused by sexual stimuli and that only a minority have little interest in sex.
In fact, that isn't really true. Our research indicates that although most modern females are much more 'open' about sex, and are keen to enjoy it; it takes them time to learn how to do this.
Indeed, a small study which we completed in 2005 indicated that a considerable proportion of young women just starting at university have thus far developed very little interest in sex (or knowledge about it), and have not even learned to reach orgasm yet. However, many of them do become very much more ‘sexually charged’ as the years progress.
Learning how to reach orgasm
We have found that younger females frequently have no real knowledge of the process of sexual arousal. In particular, women often need quite a lot of help to learn how to reach orgasm.Unlike males – most of whom can 'come' easily from the moment they reach puberty – females will often spend a couple of years experimenting with their sexual feelings before they eventually learn how to come regularly and reliably.
But once women have learned to cast off their inhibitions and enjoy sex, they tend to respond to sexual stimuli in very much the same way.
What are women's sexual reactions?
A woman's first response to sexual stimulation is usually a nice, warm feeling all over her body – as she begins to let herself go.At the same time her pulse rate starts to go up, and the pupils of her eyes get bigger. Incidentally, this widening of the pupils makes her more attractive sexually. In the olden days, drugs like belladonna ('beautiful woman') were used to produce this effect.
What happens to her sex organs as she gets aroused?
Laboratory studies carried out in Holland in 2004 show that as s soon as a woman starts thinking with interest about sex, her vagina begins to moisten. (This is the female equivalent of erection in men.)The reason for this moistening is to lubricate her vagina, in preparation for possible sexual activity.
At the same time, various other things happen:
- her clitoris – the most erotically sensitive part of her body – swells up.
- her labia (the lips of the opening of her vagina) also swell up. The effect of this is to open up her vaginal opening slightly, in preparation for intercourse.
- inside her, her vagina opens up – making room for the possible entry of a penis.
What happens next?
As she gets more and more aroused, her breasts will swell a little and her nipples will become more prominent. Her breathing gets faster and she starts to gasp. Her eyes tend to become glazed and she is likely to lick her lips - thus making them even more attractive to her partner.If she is fair-skinned, a faint pink 'rash' will develop at the base of her neck and over her breasts.
And finally?
And finally, she climaxes. What generally happens here is that she experiences a series of waves of ever-increasing pleasure, till eventually the last one is so mind-blowing that she nearly passes out.At that moment, nearly all women cry out – sometimes very loudly! The muscles of their faces and bodies contract violently (but very enjoyably) – and then after a while everything relaxes.
So that's the end?
No, not really. These days, most women can – if they want to - go on to have further climaxes. But this will only happen if:- they are happy and relaxed
- they are being skilfully stimulated
- they have learned how to have multiple orgasms.
100 Most Popular Lies Women Tell To Men: Top 100 Lies
1. I'll call you.
2. I love you.
3. You're the only one.
4. I've never felt this way about anyone else.
5. I've got to work late at the office tonight.
6. That's the best sex I've ever had.
7. You've got the most beautiful eyes
8. No, I'm not married
9. Sorry. I must have left my wallet and credit cards at home.
10. You just have to believe me when I tell you nothing's wrong.
11. I'm ready to make a commitment.
12. Except for a beer or two, I never drink.
13. My husband and I haven't had sex in years.
14. We'll get married as soon as I ...
15. I'll be home in twenty minutes.
16. It's not that I don't care - I just have to spend more time with my kids.
17. I've only slept with maybe ten men in my entire life.
18. I've been celibate since we broke up.
19. I could never lie to you.
20. I can still last all night
21. I always use a condom
22. I can help you get a great job in my company (field)
23. I tested HIV negative
24. I haven't seen him since he and I broke up
25. The only sexual fantasies I have are about you
26. No, I love bald men.
27. I'm too tired
28. How could you think I'd be interested in him? He's your best friend
29. When it comes to oral sex, I'm the best
30. I've never had any trouble giving a guy an erection before
31. It's you and me, babe - we'll make love all over Europe
32. I'd never do anything to hurt you.
33. I want to grow old with you
34. Believe me, my husband and I live very separate lives
35. Our having sex won't change a thing between us
36. Don't worry, I've had my tubes tied.
37. I'm going to leave my husband.
38. You're nothing at all like my father
39. Your being a different religion doesn't matter to me
40. It doesn't bother me that you make more money than I do
41. Even without sex, we'd still be friends
42. I think older men are the most exciting
43. I'm considered one of the top people (in my field, in the company)
44. What attracts me to you is your mind
45. We'll split all the child care and household chores fifty-fifty
46. Of course I don't mind that you didn't come
47. I've never had an affair before
48. You're the only one who understands me
49. I've never been in therapy
50. You're the best thing that's ever happened to me
51. No, I'm not seeing anyone else
52. I haven't thought about him (old boyfriend) in years
53. How many times do I have to tell you I'm not having an affair?
54. Your career is as important as mine
55. I promise you that I'll change
55. I want us to remain close friends always
57. My husband and I have an understanding
58. You're wonderful; you deserve someone better than me
59. No seriously I am not just looking for free beers.
60. Let's be friends first
61. When you walked through that door, I knew it was the real thing
62. I'd like you even if you were a woman
63. It's okay to be good looking, but looks just don't mean that much to me
64. The difference between us will bring us even closer
65. I spend everything I earn on you and the kids
66. No, I never said that
67. You make me feel like a kid again
68. I'm going out with the girls (to the gym, to the office)
69. I'll move wherever you want
70. Of course I'm not bored with you
71. As soon as I finish this project (get a promotion, a raise, make partner), we'll......
72. You've got more sex appeal in your little toe than my husband's got in his whole body
73. It wouldn't be you and me anymore if I used one of those
74. Let's pool our assets - whatever is mine is yours
75. I still find you just as attractive as the day I met you
76. Divorce is the farthest thing from my mind
77. Sure, I'll watch the kids
78. It's not just the sex I want, it's being close to you.
79. We'll be spending a lot of time together when I retire
80. You're the only reason I've worked so hard
81. If I didn't have all this work, you know I'd go with you and the kids to your mum's
82. No one's ever turned me on like you do
83. My boss says there's nothing to worry about
84. I'll never tell
85. Relax, he's just a friend
86. This is just a temporary separation until we get things worked out
87. Your hair (outfit) looks fantastic
88. It was just sex - it didn't mean a thing
89. Of course I'm listening to what you're saying
90. Come on in and we'll just cuddle for a few minutes
91. No, I don't think you're fat
92. You're the man I should have married
93. I'm going to be focusing on my work for a while now.
94. Of course I want to marry you.
95. Your having kids has nothing to do with my not wanting to get married
96. I'm not ashamed of the way you talk (look, act, etc.)
97. It's nothing personal; I just don't like sharing my living space with someone
98. This time I'm really serious
99. Honestly, honey, it's just for the girls - none of the husbands go to the salon
100. I'll always love you.
2. I love you.
3. You're the only one.
4. I've never felt this way about anyone else.
5. I've got to work late at the office tonight.
6. That's the best sex I've ever had.
7. You've got the most beautiful eyes
8. No, I'm not married
9. Sorry. I must have left my wallet and credit cards at home.
10. You just have to believe me when I tell you nothing's wrong.
11. I'm ready to make a commitment.
12. Except for a beer or two, I never drink.
13. My husband and I haven't had sex in years.
14. We'll get married as soon as I ...
15. I'll be home in twenty minutes.
16. It's not that I don't care - I just have to spend more time with my kids.
17. I've only slept with maybe ten men in my entire life.
18. I've been celibate since we broke up.
19. I could never lie to you.
20. I can still last all night
21. I always use a condom
22. I can help you get a great job in my company (field)
23. I tested HIV negative
24. I haven't seen him since he and I broke up
25. The only sexual fantasies I have are about you
26. No, I love bald men.
27. I'm too tired
28. How could you think I'd be interested in him? He's your best friend
29. When it comes to oral sex, I'm the best
30. I've never had any trouble giving a guy an erection before
31. It's you and me, babe - we'll make love all over Europe
32. I'd never do anything to hurt you.
33. I want to grow old with you
34. Believe me, my husband and I live very separate lives
35. Our having sex won't change a thing between us
36. Don't worry, I've had my tubes tied.
37. I'm going to leave my husband.
38. You're nothing at all like my father
39. Your being a different religion doesn't matter to me
40. It doesn't bother me that you make more money than I do
41. Even without sex, we'd still be friends
42. I think older men are the most exciting
43. I'm considered one of the top people (in my field, in the company)
44. What attracts me to you is your mind
45. We'll split all the child care and household chores fifty-fifty
46. Of course I don't mind that you didn't come
47. I've never had an affair before
48. You're the only one who understands me
49. I've never been in therapy
50. You're the best thing that's ever happened to me
51. No, I'm not seeing anyone else
52. I haven't thought about him (old boyfriend) in years
53. How many times do I have to tell you I'm not having an affair?
54. Your career is as important as mine
55. I promise you that I'll change
55. I want us to remain close friends always
57. My husband and I have an understanding
58. You're wonderful; you deserve someone better than me
59. No seriously I am not just looking for free beers.
60. Let's be friends first
61. When you walked through that door, I knew it was the real thing
62. I'd like you even if you were a woman
63. It's okay to be good looking, but looks just don't mean that much to me
64. The difference between us will bring us even closer
65. I spend everything I earn on you and the kids
66. No, I never said that
67. You make me feel like a kid again
68. I'm going out with the girls (to the gym, to the office)
69. I'll move wherever you want
70. Of course I'm not bored with you
71. As soon as I finish this project (get a promotion, a raise, make partner), we'll......
72. You've got more sex appeal in your little toe than my husband's got in his whole body
73. It wouldn't be you and me anymore if I used one of those
74. Let's pool our assets - whatever is mine is yours
75. I still find you just as attractive as the day I met you
76. Divorce is the farthest thing from my mind
77. Sure, I'll watch the kids
78. It's not just the sex I want, it's being close to you.
79. We'll be spending a lot of time together when I retire
80. You're the only reason I've worked so hard
81. If I didn't have all this work, you know I'd go with you and the kids to your mum's
82. No one's ever turned me on like you do
83. My boss says there's nothing to worry about
84. I'll never tell
85. Relax, he's just a friend
86. This is just a temporary separation until we get things worked out
87. Your hair (outfit) looks fantastic
88. It was just sex - it didn't mean a thing
89. Of course I'm listening to what you're saying
90. Come on in and we'll just cuddle for a few minutes
91. No, I don't think you're fat
92. You're the man I should have married
93. I'm going to be focusing on my work for a while now.
94. Of course I want to marry you.
95. Your having kids has nothing to do with my not wanting to get married
96. I'm not ashamed of the way you talk (look, act, etc.)
97. It's nothing personal; I just don't like sharing my living space with someone
98. This time I'm really serious
99. Honestly, honey, it's just for the girls - none of the husbands go to the salon
100. I'll always love you.
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