- Acadia University
- Algonquin College of Applied Arts
- America Institute of Technology
- Arbutus College
- Bishop Strachan School
- Bow Valley College
- Braemar International College
- Brandon University
- Brock University
- Bronte College of Canada
- Cambrian College of Applied Arts
- Camosun College
- Canada Christian College
- Canadian Tourism College
- Canadore College of Applied Arts
- Capilano College
- Carleton University
- CDI Education Corporation
- Cedar Grove School
- Centennial College of Applied Arts
- Century College
- Chilliwack School District
- Chinook College
- College Bourget
- College Jean-de-Brebeuf
- College Lafleche de Trois-Rivieres
- College Mathieu
- College Merici
- College Montmorency International
- College of Interactive Arts
- College of New Caledonia
- College of the North Atlantic
- College of the Rockies
- College Saint Charles Garnier
- Columbia International College
- Concordia University
- Conestoga College of Applied Arts
- Confederation College of Applied Arts
- Coquitlam School District
- Cornerstone Academic College
- DaVinci Institute
- Delta School District
- DeVry Institute of Technology
- Dominion College
- Douglas College
- Durham College of Applied Arts
- Edmonton Public Schools
- Educere International College
- EJ Canada College
- Fanshawe College
- Fieldstone Day School
- George Brown College
- Georgian College
- Global Community College
- Grande Prairie Regional College
- Grant MacEwan College
- Great Lakes Christian College
- Great Lakes College of Toronto
- Hatzic Secondary School
- Herzing College
- Howe Sound School Division
- Humber College
- Imperial College of Toronto
- Imperial Hotel Management College
- Information Technology Institute
- Institute of Digital Arts
- International Academy of Design
- IslandSchools.ca
- Keyin College International
- King's Edgehill School
- Kwantlen University College
- L.V. Rogers Secondary School
- Lakehead University
- Lambton College
- Langara College
- Langley School District
- Lansbridge University
- LaSalle College
- Laurentian University
- Limestone District School Board
- London International Academy
- Lord Selkirk Regional Secondary School
- Louis Riel School Division
- Luther College
- MacLachlan College
- Madison Academy
- Malaspina International High School
- Malaspina University College
- McDonald International Academy
- McGill University
- McKinsey International College
- McMaster University
- Medicine Hat College
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- Mohawk College
- Mount Allison University
- Mount Royal College
- Mount Saint Vincent Unversity
- Net Wizards Institute of Technology Training
- New Westminster School District
- Niagara Christian Collegiate
- Niagara College
- North Vancouver School District
- Northern Lights College
- Nova Scotia Agricultural College
- Nova Scotia International Student Program
- Ottawa Carleton District School Board
- Pacific Institute of Culinary Arts
- Pembina Trails School Division
- Powell River School District
- Pronto Data College
- Queen Margaret's School
- Queen's University
- Red Deer College
- Red River College
- Regal Constellation College
- Regent Christian Academy
- Richmond School District
- Ridley College
- River East Transcona School Division
- Royal Oak College
- Royal Roads University
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- Saint Mary's University
- Saskatoon Catholic Schools
- Scarborough Christian High School
- Selkirk College
- Seneca College
- Sheridan College
- Simon Fraser University
- Sir Sandford Fleming College
- Southern Alberta Institute of Technology
- Southern Ontario College
- Sprott Shaw Community College
- St. Clair College
- St. Francis Xavier University
- St. George's School
- St. James-Assiniboia School Division
- St. John Learning Centre
- St. John's International School
- St. John's Kilmarnock School
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- St. Margaret's School
- St. Thomas University
- Stanstead College
- Sunshine Coast School District
- Toronto Business College
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- Toronto Institute
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- Trafalgar Castle School
- Transcona Springfield School Division
- Trent University
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- University of Alberta
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- University of Winnipeg
- Upper Canada College
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Showing posts with label Online Study. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Online Study. Show all posts
List of Canadian Colleges & Universities
Canada has many fine universities and colleges. Although many of the
larger institutions are located in Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal, good
universities and colleges can also be found in smaller cities, such as
Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Halifax. The list below includes some of
the better colleges, universities and secondary schools ( high schools )
in Canada.
Study in UK - Uk College List
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We provide best study abroad solutions to the students by assessing their overall circumstances such as their previous academic/professional background, language skill, future study & career plan, financial ability, compliance with latest visa rules etc.
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We represent many prestigious universities & colleges around the globe such as United Kingdom, Canada, Australia & New Zealand which gives wide range of choices for selecting suitable country, course of studies, fees, locations etc.
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Abbey College (Birmingham, Cambridge, London, Manchester)
http://www.abbeycolleges.co.uk/
Albion College – London
http://www.albioncollege.com
College of Agriculture, Food & Rural Enterprise
http://www.cafre.ac.uk/
Anglo European College of Chiropractic
http://www.aecc.ac.uk/international/
The Arts University College at Bournemouth
http://www.aucb.ac.uk/international.aspx
Barking and Dagenham College
http://www.barkingcollege.ac.uk
Barony College
http://www.barony.ac.uk/index.php?page=international-students
Basingstoke College of Technology
http://www.bcot.ac.uk/international/
Bell Educational Trust (Berkshire, Cambridge, Kent, London, Oxford)
http://www.bell-worldwide.com/default.asp
Bell International English Language Centre
http://www.bell-centres.com
Bedford College
http://www.bedford.ac.uk/
Bellerbys College (Brighton, Cambridge, Oxford, London)
http://www.bellerbys.com/english/index.aspx
Birmingham Metropolitan College
http://www.bmetc.ac.uk/international.aspx
Brighton and Sussex Medical School
http://www.bsms.ac.uk/undergraduate/international/index.php
Bristol Filton College
http://www.filton.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=20
British College of Osteopathic Medicine – London
http://www.bcom.ac.uk/
British School of Osteopathy – London
http://www.bso.ac.uk
British Study Centres (Bournemouth, Brighton, London, Oxford)
http://www.british-study.com/
Brooklands College
http://www.brooklands.ac.uk/International.asp
Brooksby Melton College
http://www.brooksbymelton.ac.uk/international
Cambridge Education Group
http://www.ceg-uk.com/
Cambridge Ruskin International College (CRIC)
http://cric-uk.co.uk/
Cambridge School of Visual and Performing Arts
http://www.csvpa.com/
Castle College Nottingham
http://www.castlecollege.ac.uk/international/
CATS College (Cambridge, Canterbury, London)
http://www.catscollege.com/
Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London
http://www.cssd.ac.uk/content/central-international
Coleg Sir Gar/Carmarthenshire College
http://www.colegsirgar.ac.uk/
College of Central London
http://www.central-college.com/
Chichester College
http://www.chichester.ac.uk/International/Tell-me-about-Chichester/World-Class-Student-Support/
Doncaster College
http://www.don.ac.uk/international_students.aspx
Duchy College
http://www.cornwall.ac.uk/duchy/index.php?page=_Home&tab=5
Dudley College of Technology
http://www.dudleycol.ac.uk/
Easton College
http://www.easton-college.ac.uk/
East Surrey College
http://www.esc.ac.uk/
Edinburgh College of Art
http://www.eca.ac.uk/international
English Time
http://www.englishtime.com/en_main.php
European Business School – London
http://www.ebslondon.ac.uk/
European School of Economics – London
http://www.eselondon.ac.uk/
European School of Osteopathy
http://www.eso.ac.uk/
Greenwich School of Management – London
http://www.greenwich-college.ac.uk/international.asp
Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education
http://www.grimsby.ac.uk/International-Students/
Guildford College of Further and Higher Education
http://www.guildford.ac.uk/International/
Havering College of Further and Higher Education
http://www.havering-college.ac.uk/international-students.aspx
Hereford College of Arts
http://www.hca.ac.uk/
Highbury College
http://www.highbury.ac.uk/client/content.asp?Contentid=226
Hertfordshire International College of Business and Technology (HIBT)
http://www.hibt.uk.com/
Henley College
http://www.henley-cov.ac.uk/international/
Heythrop College (University of London)
http://www.heythrop.ac.uk/
Holborn College – London
http://www.holborncollege.ac.uk/
Hopwood Hall College
http://www.hopwood.ac.uk/default.aspx
Hove College
http://www.hovecollege.co.uk/
Huddersfield New College
http://www.huddnewcoll.ac.uk/
Hull College
http://international.hull-college.ac.uk/
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Study in India - Music & performing arts
Indian music follows different rules to Western music, so allow
several weeks to get any benefit from music courses. Most centres
provide instruments, but invest in your own if you mean to continue to
play at home.
Goa Courses in classical Indian singing and tabla in Arambol.
Gujarat Classical Indian dance classes in Ahmedabad.
Himachal Pradesh Various courses in Indian classical music in McLeod Ganj and Bhagsu.
Karnataka Classical Indian dance classes at Nrityagram in Hessaraghatta, and tabla (pair of drums) classes at Shruthi Musical Works in Mysore.
Kerala Courses in kathakali (traditional Keralan dance opera) and kootiattam (traditional Sanskrit drama) in Trivandrum, and dance centres near Thrissur and Kottayam.
Kolkata Aurobindo Bhawan offers classical Indian dance classes.
Rajasthan Tabla, flute, singing and Kathak (Indian classical dance) courses in Pushkar, Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur.
Tamil Nadu Courses in bharathanatiyam (dance), singing and various musical instruments in Puducherry (Pondicherry); Kalakshetra Arts Village in Chennai offers courses in classical Tamil dance and music.
Uttar Pradesh Sitar (stringed instrument), tabla and classical dance classes in Varanasi.
Uttarakhand Classical dance and musical instrument classes in Rishikesh.
Goa Courses in classical Indian singing and tabla in Arambol.
Gujarat Classical Indian dance classes in Ahmedabad.
Himachal Pradesh Various courses in Indian classical music in McLeod Ganj and Bhagsu.
Karnataka Classical Indian dance classes at Nrityagram in Hessaraghatta, and tabla (pair of drums) classes at Shruthi Musical Works in Mysore.
Kerala Courses in kathakali (traditional Keralan dance opera) and kootiattam (traditional Sanskrit drama) in Trivandrum, and dance centres near Thrissur and Kottayam.
Kolkata Aurobindo Bhawan offers classical Indian dance classes.
Rajasthan Tabla, flute, singing and Kathak (Indian classical dance) courses in Pushkar, Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur.
Tamil Nadu Courses in bharathanatiyam (dance), singing and various musical instruments in Puducherry (Pondicherry); Kalakshetra Arts Village in Chennai offers courses in classical Tamil dance and music.
Uttar Pradesh Sitar (stringed instrument), tabla and classical dance classes in Varanasi.
Uttarakhand Classical dance and musical instrument classes in Rishikesh.
ITALY VISA APPLICATION Check Status
TRACK YOUR APPLICATION
For Passports applied on or before 06 Feb 2013 : Track Your Application
For Passports applied after 06 Feb 2013 : Track Your Application (new)
For more information about Italy Visa Policies and Procedures, click on http://www.vfsglobal-it-bd.com
Security Regulations
Security Notice for Applicants Visiting Italian Visa Application Centre
All applicants entering the visa application centre will be subject to a security search. Separate facilities will be made available for ladies.
Mobile phones are not permitted to use inside the application centre, and need to be switched off while entering to the Visa application centre.
Only applicants are permitted to get inside the Visa application centre. Relatives, friends or any other person apart from applicant will not be allowed. Identity of applicant will be checked while entering the application centre. Therefore, all applicants are requested to bring original passport or a valid government issued ID card (including his / her National ID Card, Driving License, Voter Card etc.) to enter the Visa Application Centre.
Due to security reasons the following items will not be permitted inside the Application Centre or stored in the premises.
Due to security concerns, we do not permit interested parties such as friends, relatives or business contacts to accompany visa applicants. However, interpreters are allowed to accompany hearing-impaired / physically challenged applicants. All Applicants are required to show a valid government issued ID card (including his / her Passport, National ID Card, Driving License, Voter Card etc. to enter into the VAC to streamline the unwanted outsiders.
Please Note:
There is no facility at the Visa Application Centre to store prohibited items. Applicants are requested to make alternate arrangements to keep the same before entry into the centre.
For Passports applied on or before 06 Feb 2013 : Track Your Application
For Passports applied after 06 Feb 2013 : Track Your Application (new)
For more information about Italy Visa Policies and Procedures, click on http://www.vfsglobal-it-bd.com
Security Regulations
Security Notice for Applicants Visiting Italian Visa Application Centre
All applicants entering the visa application centre will be subject to a security search. Separate facilities will be made available for ladies.
Mobile phones are not permitted to use inside the application centre, and need to be switched off while entering to the Visa application centre.
Only applicants are permitted to get inside the Visa application centre. Relatives, friends or any other person apart from applicant will not be allowed. Identity of applicant will be checked while entering the application centre. Therefore, all applicants are requested to bring original passport or a valid government issued ID card (including his / her National ID Card, Driving License, Voter Card etc.) to enter the Visa Application Centre.
Due to security reasons the following items will not be permitted inside the Application Centre or stored in the premises.
- All battery operated or electronic gadgets such as cameras, audio/video cassettes, compact discs, MP3's, floppies, laptops, or portable music players.
- All bags such as travel bags, back packs, briefcases, suitcases, leather / jute / cloth bags and zip folders. Only a plastic bag containing your application related papers would be permitted.
- Sealed envelopes or packages.
- Any inflammable item such as matchboxes/ lighters/ fuel etc.
- Any sharp objects such as scissors, pen knives or nail filers.
- Weapon or weapon like objects or explosive material of any kind.
Due to security concerns, we do not permit interested parties such as friends, relatives or business contacts to accompany visa applicants. However, interpreters are allowed to accompany hearing-impaired / physically challenged applicants. All Applicants are required to show a valid government issued ID card (including his / her Passport, National ID Card, Driving License, Voter Card etc. to enter into the VAC to streamline the unwanted outsiders.
Please Note:
There is no facility at the Visa Application Centre to store prohibited items. Applicants are requested to make alternate arrangements to keep the same before entry into the centre.
Education
Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism.[1] Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts.
Etymology
Etymologically, the word "education" is derived from the Latin ēducātiō (“A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō (“I educate, I train”) which is related to the homonym ēdūcō (“I lead forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect”) from ē- (“from, out of”) and dūcō (“I lead, I conduct”).[2]
The role of government
A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. It does not however guarantee any particular level of education of any particular quality.[3] At the global level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.[4]
Throughout history various governments have made it illegal to educate children privately or at home. Various totalitarian regimes, for example, have mandated indoctrination through propaganda in the Hitler Youth and propaganda in education under various communist regimes.
Systems
Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them different curricula.
Curriculum
Main articles: Curriculum, Curriculum theory, and List of academic disciplines
School children in Durban, South Africa.
In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard.
An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.[5]
Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater.[6]
Preschools
Main article: Preschool education
The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school.
Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate.[citation needed] While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is “to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them.”[7]
Primary schools
Main article: Primary education
Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts of Bucharest, around 1842.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[8] Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training.
Secondary schools
Main article: Secondary education
Students working with a teacher at Albany Senior High School, New Zealand
Students in a classroom at Samdach Euv High School, Cambodia
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.
The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment.
In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history.
A violin student receiving music education at the Royal Academy of Music, London, 1944.
Autodidacticism
Main article: Autodidacticism
Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is "learning on your own" or "by yourself", and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorbing process. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director),and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).
Vocational
Main article: Vocational education
Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts.
Indigenous
Main article: Indigenous education
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to “reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students.”[9]
Anarchistic free schools
Main article: Anarchistic free school
An anarchistic free school (also anarchist free school and free school) is a decentralized network in which skills, information, and knowledge are shared without hierarchy or the institutional environment of formal schooling. Free school students may be adults, children, or both. This organisational structure is distinct from ones used by democratic free schools which permit children's individual initiatives and learning endeavors within the context of a school democracy, and from free education where 'traditional' schooling is made available to pupils without charge. The open structure of free schools is intended to encourage self-reliance, critical consciousness, and personal development. Free schools often operate outside the market economy in favor of a gift economy.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the meaning of the "free" of free schools is not restricted to monetary cost, and can refer to an emphasis on free speech and student-centred education.[citation needed]
Alternative
Main article: Alternative education
Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods.
Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community.
Alternative education may also allow for independent learning and engaging class activities.[10]
Special
Main article: Special education
In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.[11]
Education through recreation
The concept of education through recreation was first applied to childhood development in the 19th century.[12] In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities.[13] Educationalist Lawrence L.P. Jacks, who was also an early proponent of lifelong learning, best described the modern concept of education through recreation in the following quotation "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well."(Jacks, 1932).[14] Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities.[15] The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.[15]
Systems of higher education
Main article: Higher education
The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning.
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.
University systems
Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU in Prague.
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent, like Yale University, they can be public and State governed, like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, or they can be independent but State funded, like the University of Virginia.
Open
Higher education in particular is currently undergoing a transition towards open education, elearning alone is currently growing at 14x the rate of traditional learning.[16] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its superior efficiency and results compared to traditionalist methods.[17] Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U.Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press.[18] Many people despite favorable studies on effectivness may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.[19]
The conventional merit system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities. Although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Currently many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees.[20] Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials.[citation needed]
There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on campus education that is not often directly offered from open education.[citation needed] Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.
Liberal arts colleges
Saint Anselm College, a traditional New England liberal arts college.
A liberal arts institution can be defined as a "college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum."[21] Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe,[22] the term is more commonly associated with Universities in the United States[citation needed].
Community colleges
Main article: community colleges
A nonresidential junior college offering courses to people living in a particular area.
Technology
Main article: Educational technology
One of the most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Also technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. One such tool are virtual manipulatives, which are an "interactive, Web-based visual representation of a dynamic object that presents opportunities for constructing mathematical knowledge" (Moyer, Bolyard, & Spikell, 2002). In short, virtual manipulatives are dynamic visual/pictorial replicas of physical mathematical manipulatives, which have long been used to demonstrate and teach various mathematical concepts. Virtual manipulatives can be easily accessed on the Internet as stand-alone applets, allowing for easy access and use in a variety of educational settings. Emerging research into the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives as a teaching tool have yielded promising results, suggesting comparable, and in many cases superior overall concept-teaching effectiveness compared to standard teaching methods.[citation needed] Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.[23]
American students in 2001, in a computer fundamentals class taking a computer-based test
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”[24] These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings.[25] Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.[26] In addition to classroom application and growth of e-learning opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student affairs programming have recognized the increasing importance of computer usage with data generation for and about students. Motivation and retention counselors, along with faculty and administrators, can impact the potential academic success of students by provision of technology based experiences in the University setting.[27]
The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka.[28] The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming.[29] Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies.[30]
The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching. Classrooms of the 21st century contain interactive white boards, tablets, mp3 players, laptops, etc. Wiki sites are another tool teachers can implement into CAL curricula for students to understand communication and collaboration efforts of group work through electronic means.[citation needed] Teachers are encouraged to embed these technological devices and services in the curriculum in order to enhance students learning and meet the needs of various types of learners.
Adult
Main article: Adult education
Adult learning, or adult education, is the practice of training and developing skills in adults. It is also sometimes referred to as andragogy (the art and science of helping adults learn).Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specific courses such as veterinary assisting, medical billing and coding, real estate license, bookkeeping and many more are now available to students through the Internet.
With the boom of information from availability of knowledge through means of internet and other modern low cost information exchange mechanisms people are beginning to take an attitude of Lifelong learning. To make knowledge and self improvement a lifelong focus as opposed to the more traditional view that knowledge and in particular value creating trade skills are to be learned just exclusively in youth.
Learning modalities
Students in laboratory, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University.
There has been work on learning styles over the last two decades. Dunn and Dunn[31] focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli[32] recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner[33] identified individual talents or aptitudes in his Multiple Intelligences theories. Based on the works of Jung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter[34] focused on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator[35] follows a similar but more simplified approach.
It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning "modes". The learning modalities[36] are probably the most common:
Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned.
Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information.
Kinesthetic: learning based on hands-on work and engaging in activities.
Although it is claimed that, depending on their preferred learning modality, different teaching techniques have different levels of effectiveness,[37] recent research has argued "there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice."[38]
A consequence of this theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them.[39] Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning.[40][41]
Instruction
Teacher in a classroom in Madagascar
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible.[42][43] With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.[44]
Theory
Main article: Education theory
Education theory can refer to either a normative or a descriptive theory of education. In the first case, a theory means a postulation about what ought to be. It provides the "goals, norms, and standards for conducting the process of education."[45] In the second case, it means "an hypothesis or set of hypotheses that have been verified by observation and experiment."[46] A descriptive theory of education can be thought of as a conceptual scheme that ties together various "otherwise discrete particulars. . .For example, a cultural theory of education shows how the concept of culture can be used to organize and unify the variety of facts about how and what people learn."[47] Likewise, for example, there is the behaviorist theory of education that comes from educational psychology and the functionalist theory of education that comes from sociology of education.[48]
Economics
Main article: Economics of education
Students on their way to school, Hakha, Chin State, Myanmar
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth.[49] Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions[50] and the role of cognitive skills.[51]
At the individual level, there is a large literature, generally related back to the work of Jacob Mincer,[52] on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital of the individual. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling.[53][54]
Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.
Etymology
Etymologically, the word "education" is derived from the Latin ēducātiō (“A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing") from ēdūcō (“I educate, I train”) which is related to the homonym ēdūcō (“I lead forth, I take out; I raise up, I erect”) from ē- (“from, out of”) and dūcō (“I lead, I conduct”).[2]
The role of government
A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. It does not however guarantee any particular level of education of any particular quality.[3] At the global level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.[4]
Throughout history various governments have made it illegal to educate children privately or at home. Various totalitarian regimes, for example, have mandated indoctrination through propaganda in the Hitler Youth and propaganda in education under various communist regimes.
Systems
Systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them different curricula.
Curriculum
Main articles: Curriculum, Curriculum theory, and List of academic disciplines
School children in Durban, South Africa.
In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard.
An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.[5]
Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater.[6]
Preschools
Main article: Preschool education
The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school.
Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate.[citation needed] While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is “to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them.”[7]
Primary schools
Main article: Primary education
Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts of Bucharest, around 1842.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[8] Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training.
Secondary schools
Main article: Secondary education
Students working with a teacher at Albany Senior High School, New Zealand
Students in a classroom at Samdach Euv High School, Cambodia
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.
The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment.
In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history.
A violin student receiving music education at the Royal Academy of Music, London, 1944.
Autodidacticism
Main article: Autodidacticism
Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is "learning on your own" or "by yourself", and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorbing process. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director),and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).
Vocational
Main article: Vocational education
Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts.
Indigenous
Main article: Indigenous education
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to “reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students.”[9]
Anarchistic free schools
Main article: Anarchistic free school
An anarchistic free school (also anarchist free school and free school) is a decentralized network in which skills, information, and knowledge are shared without hierarchy or the institutional environment of formal schooling. Free school students may be adults, children, or both. This organisational structure is distinct from ones used by democratic free schools which permit children's individual initiatives and learning endeavors within the context of a school democracy, and from free education where 'traditional' schooling is made available to pupils without charge. The open structure of free schools is intended to encourage self-reliance, critical consciousness, and personal development. Free schools often operate outside the market economy in favor of a gift economy.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the meaning of the "free" of free schools is not restricted to monetary cost, and can refer to an emphasis on free speech and student-centred education.[citation needed]
Alternative
Main article: Alternative education
Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods.
Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community.
Alternative education may also allow for independent learning and engaging class activities.[10]
Special
Main article: Special education
In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.[11]
Education through recreation
The concept of education through recreation was first applied to childhood development in the 19th century.[12] In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities.[13] Educationalist Lawrence L.P. Jacks, who was also an early proponent of lifelong learning, best described the modern concept of education through recreation in the following quotation "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well."(Jacks, 1932).[14] Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities.[15] The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.[15]
Systems of higher education
Main article: Higher education
The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning.
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.
University systems
Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU in Prague.
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent, like Yale University, they can be public and State governed, like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, or they can be independent but State funded, like the University of Virginia.
Open
Higher education in particular is currently undergoing a transition towards open education, elearning alone is currently growing at 14x the rate of traditional learning.[16] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its superior efficiency and results compared to traditionalist methods.[17] Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U.Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press.[18] Many people despite favorable studies on effectivness may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.[19]
The conventional merit system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities. Although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Currently many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees.[20] Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials.[citation needed]
There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on campus education that is not often directly offered from open education.[citation needed] Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.
Liberal arts colleges
Saint Anselm College, a traditional New England liberal arts college.
A liberal arts institution can be defined as a "college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum."[21] Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe,[22] the term is more commonly associated with Universities in the United States[citation needed].
Community colleges
Main article: community colleges
A nonresidential junior college offering courses to people living in a particular area.
Technology
Main article: Educational technology
One of the most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Also technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. One such tool are virtual manipulatives, which are an "interactive, Web-based visual representation of a dynamic object that presents opportunities for constructing mathematical knowledge" (Moyer, Bolyard, & Spikell, 2002). In short, virtual manipulatives are dynamic visual/pictorial replicas of physical mathematical manipulatives, which have long been used to demonstrate and teach various mathematical concepts. Virtual manipulatives can be easily accessed on the Internet as stand-alone applets, allowing for easy access and use in a variety of educational settings. Emerging research into the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives as a teaching tool have yielded promising results, suggesting comparable, and in many cases superior overall concept-teaching effectiveness compared to standard teaching methods.[citation needed] Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.[23]
American students in 2001, in a computer fundamentals class taking a computer-based test
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”[24] These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings.[25] Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.[26] In addition to classroom application and growth of e-learning opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student affairs programming have recognized the increasing importance of computer usage with data generation for and about students. Motivation and retention counselors, along with faculty and administrators, can impact the potential academic success of students by provision of technology based experiences in the University setting.[27]
The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka.[28] The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming.[29] Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies.[30]
The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching. Classrooms of the 21st century contain interactive white boards, tablets, mp3 players, laptops, etc. Wiki sites are another tool teachers can implement into CAL curricula for students to understand communication and collaboration efforts of group work through electronic means.[citation needed] Teachers are encouraged to embed these technological devices and services in the curriculum in order to enhance students learning and meet the needs of various types of learners.
Adult
Main article: Adult education
Adult learning, or adult education, is the practice of training and developing skills in adults. It is also sometimes referred to as andragogy (the art and science of helping adults learn).Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specific courses such as veterinary assisting, medical billing and coding, real estate license, bookkeeping and many more are now available to students through the Internet.
With the boom of information from availability of knowledge through means of internet and other modern low cost information exchange mechanisms people are beginning to take an attitude of Lifelong learning. To make knowledge and self improvement a lifelong focus as opposed to the more traditional view that knowledge and in particular value creating trade skills are to be learned just exclusively in youth.
Learning modalities
Students in laboratory, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University.
There has been work on learning styles over the last two decades. Dunn and Dunn[31] focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli[32] recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner[33] identified individual talents or aptitudes in his Multiple Intelligences theories. Based on the works of Jung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter[34] focused on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator[35] follows a similar but more simplified approach.
It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning "modes". The learning modalities[36] are probably the most common:
Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned.
Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information.
Kinesthetic: learning based on hands-on work and engaging in activities.
Although it is claimed that, depending on their preferred learning modality, different teaching techniques have different levels of effectiveness,[37] recent research has argued "there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice."[38]
A consequence of this theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them.[39] Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning.[40][41]
Instruction
Teacher in a classroom in Madagascar
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible.[42][43] With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.[44]
Theory
Main article: Education theory
Education theory can refer to either a normative or a descriptive theory of education. In the first case, a theory means a postulation about what ought to be. It provides the "goals, norms, and standards for conducting the process of education."[45] In the second case, it means "an hypothesis or set of hypotheses that have been verified by observation and experiment."[46] A descriptive theory of education can be thought of as a conceptual scheme that ties together various "otherwise discrete particulars. . .For example, a cultural theory of education shows how the concept of culture can be used to organize and unify the variety of facts about how and what people learn."[47] Likewise, for example, there is the behaviorist theory of education that comes from educational psychology and the functionalist theory of education that comes from sociology of education.[48]
Economics
Main article: Economics of education
Students on their way to school, Hakha, Chin State, Myanmar
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth.[49] Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions[50] and the role of cognitive skills.[51]
At the individual level, there is a large literature, generally related back to the work of Jacob Mincer,[52] on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital of the individual. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling.[53][54]
Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.
tips for study abroad UPV - Office of International Education
Tips on Studying Abroad at the Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia in Spain
Want to know what it’s like to study abroad? Want to know what your peers think? Your fellow
Georgia Tech students who have previously gone on this exchange program gave their opinions so
that future participants have the inside scoop on their host institution and host country.
• I would have gotten many diverse classes
approved before going.
• I chose my program because I knew that I
really wanted to learn Spanish and to experience
a new culture.
• Valencia was the only place that CEE majors
could go in Spain, so that’s where I went. I in
no way regret not being in Barcelonoa or Madrid.
Valencia has a lot to offer including a
smaller, more familiar and authentic Spanish
city.
• Valencia is definitely not small. It is the 3rd
largest city in Spain, so don’t worry about
running out of things to do or being bored.
From the City of Arts and Sciences, the
beach, and the historical center it really does
stand out as an original and lively city.
Preparation & Getting Started
• The intensive language course is one of the best decisions I’ve made in
Spain—it’s great for meeting everyone and getting settled into life.
You’ll only have class until about 1 or 2 everyday for 2 weeks, so the
afternoons and weekends are free. Don’t be intimated by your placement
in the language course—it helps you improve.
• A 6 out of 10 is the equivalent of a C at GT
• Final exams are worth at least 50% of your
grade and not much homework is given.
• Avoid classes taught in Valencian/Catalan
• Make sure to take classes at the appropriate
level
• Laboratories at the university are taught in
Spanish. I would say in general, it is not
necessary to speak Spanish to attend UPV,
however it is quite helpful in some situations and it will help you make
more of the experience.
• I would recommend the automation and control class and the management
course. The automation class was very hands on and I really
learned a lot. The management class was interesting and I had a really
nice professor. The project course was easy but it required a lot of
busy work and I did not learn so much. I would definitely not recommend
Thermodynamics unless it is an absolute major requirement, and
even then I would think twice about taking it at UPV. The teacher was
bad, the class only met a few times so it was impossible to use the
class to learn the material, there was NO book, and on top of it all the
final was really hard.
• In general I think the academic quality was slightly below GT standards.
The Spanish courses were better than the English courses, because
the professors do not speak English very well. The professors
were pretty nice and approachable.
• At UPV there is generally no homework or assignments except for the
labs and the labs don’t count towards your final grade, however you
are required to go to them and complete the assignments. The majority
of your grade is weighted on the final exams, which are very specific
and at times do not relate to inherit,
core material of the actual
class.
• Use your free time during the 2-week intensive
language course to go apartment hunting.
• Use http://valencia.loquo.com/ to find apartments
(similar to Craigslist)
• For maximum cultural immersion, make it a
priority to live with Spanish people who will
Spanish. That is the number-one reason that
my Spanish has improved.
• Valencia is pretty cheap compared to Atlanta.
I lived in a great, well-located piso that cost
just under $300 a month per inhabitant with
gastos (utilities) included.
Best areas to live in:
• Mesaella: 15 minute walk to campus, central
to attractions, and near metro stations
• Plaza Honduras: student entertainment hub,
near campus and Tarongers station
• Benimaclet: lots of students and near both red
and blue lines.
Worst areas to live in:
• Malva-Rossa and parts of the city along the
green line (Neptu to Ayora)
• I lived in an apartment with three other foreign
students: a Mexican, an Austrian, and a
French guy. The majority of the time we
spoke Spanish at home.
Classes
Housing
• Use a good-quality hiking backpack (45 Liter capacity to be carried on planes)
• Button-up shirts for males (no T-shirts)
• Take versatile clothing
• Locals do not wear shorts even though it’s hot
• Dark track jacket
• Laptop and flash drive
• A towel (or Packtowl which is very absorbent)
• Just remember that whatever you forget, you can buy when you get there. I did bring toiletries such as a large
bottle of shampoo, and would recommend you do the same. I liked this idea because most hygiene products
are more expensive in Europe and it will take up space in your suitcase on your way over that will be empty
when you return, forcing you to save some space for the things that you will inevitably accumulate while
abroad.
• Spanish people are fun and loud and will give you the best cultural immersion, but even hanging out with people
from non-Ehglish speaking countries usually means you will talk in Spanish, even if they know English
very well.
• Valencia is a great city with lots of wonderful parks to run or ride bikes in, a beautiful center, nice beaches,
and lots of very cultural festivals. Most of my social life involved going out with friends, hanging out in parks
or on the beach, and traveling around.
• I spent most of my time hanging out with other international students. There where only a few other Americans
at my university, while there where several thousand exchange students from all over Europe.
• The students from Valencia are not so interested in getting to know foreign students for two reasons: 1. there
are so many exchange students and 2. many of the students from Valencia speak mostly Valenciano. On the
other hand, students from other parts of Spain feel the same way in Valencia. Therefore I did make several
Spanish friends from Andalucia and Galicia.
• Everyone is very friendly and usually just as scared/nervous/excited as you are, so they are eager to get to
know you. I would recommend going to the intensive language courses in Gandia before UPV starts. It is a
good way to meet people before you arrive, develop language skills, and receive credit. I did not participate in
this, but in many ways I wish that I had.
Definitely go to:
• Plaza Honduras has lots of clubs
• Radio City for its Tuesday night Flamenco shows
• The Toucan (Pollo y Pelleron sp?)
• I had only a checking account/ ATM card. If I did again, I would make sure to have a visa credit card for
emergencies.
Lifestyle
Packing
Finances
• Valencia is beautiful, with huge parks, a beautiful city center,
and a wonderful beach. The weather is nice too, though be forewarned
the Spanish have never heard of a/c or heating. There is
some kind of party or festival almost every weekend. In the
spring, the highlight is the Las Fallas festival. Every neighborhood
builds a paper maché statue as tall as the buildings.
Throughout the month of March, there are daily fireworks, huge
block parties, and big parades. As the grand finale, each
neighborhood burns their statue bonfire style. It is amazing....
Cultural Differences
• Bodega Fila/Labrador on Wednesdays for
tapas
• Friend’s Doner-Kebap has Turkish style
“fast food”
• Café Paris
• Horchata (sweet non-alcoholic drink) &
fartons (sweetened bread sticks) at Horchateria
del Siglo or at Daniel
• Paella—the best is homemade
• Eating out can be expensive; go to one of
the many small café-bars for lunch and
you can get a meal for about 10 euros.
• We cooked all of our own or got together
with friends and cooked.
• Grocery stores (Mercadona is the most
popular) and has prices comparable to the
USA. Dining out can get expensive, but
is in general cheaper to do so in Valencia
than in other European cities.
• There are many options including Toni’s
which offers, pizza, salad, desert & drink
for 3.50 EUR.
Food
• You'll not be able to know the finals schedule
before you get here, so plan on your visa (if you
haven't gotten it yet) for being the maximum
allowable 180 days after your arrival in Spain.
• Visa: Make sure to set up an appointment online
ASAP. If you have trouble talking to the people
at the consulate, just ask for Ricardo and give
them your name and number. He was very helpful
and was able to squeeze me in earlier than I
had.
• Spain is best experienced by car, so try to befriend
someone with a car.
• Spain is very diverse, so it’s worth traveling
within the country.
• The metro is easier to use than buses.
• I traveled to Morocco, Germany, Austria, Czech
Republic, and Italy, as well as, a bit in Spain.
Spain is a great country, go see it first! Then if
you have time and money, there are a lot of
cheap airlines in Europe, and hostels are not too
expensive.
• I would use skyscanner.net for within Europe
travel and STA for going from the US to Europe
• The train and bus system is very good, but cuts
off at 11pm every night.
• There are night buses available, but they do not
come very frequently. The metro goes directly
to and from the Valencia airport (VLC)
• The buses are usually cheaper and faster than
the trains. The bus station is located at the
“Túria” yellow line metro stop.
Transportation & Travel
Please see information of contributing students below. If a blog or website is
listed, feel free to take a look! Also, if an e-mail address is listed, you may
contact that student if you have any questions about their study abroad experience.
ECE, Spring 2007
Jessica Forrest
Civil Engineering, minor in Spanish
Gtg650x@mail.gatech.edu
Participant Profiles
• I had a cell phone, so my
friends and family
mostly called me.
Communication
* These comments do not reflect the views of GT’s Office of International Education. They are based
on students’ individual opinions and are, therefore, not necessarily representative of all student experi
Politécnica de Valencia in Spain
Want to know what it’s like to study abroad? Want to know what your peers think? Your fellow
Georgia Tech students who have previously gone on this exchange program gave their opinions so
that future participants have the inside scoop on their host institution and host country.
• I would have gotten many diverse classes
approved before going.
• I chose my program because I knew that I
really wanted to learn Spanish and to experience
a new culture.
• Valencia was the only place that CEE majors
could go in Spain, so that’s where I went. I in
no way regret not being in Barcelonoa or Madrid.
Valencia has a lot to offer including a
smaller, more familiar and authentic Spanish
city.
• Valencia is definitely not small. It is the 3rd
largest city in Spain, so don’t worry about
running out of things to do or being bored.
From the City of Arts and Sciences, the
beach, and the historical center it really does
stand out as an original and lively city.
Preparation & Getting Started
• The intensive language course is one of the best decisions I’ve made in
Spain—it’s great for meeting everyone and getting settled into life.
You’ll only have class until about 1 or 2 everyday for 2 weeks, so the
afternoons and weekends are free. Don’t be intimated by your placement
in the language course—it helps you improve.
• A 6 out of 10 is the equivalent of a C at GT
• Final exams are worth at least 50% of your
grade and not much homework is given.
• Avoid classes taught in Valencian/Catalan
• Make sure to take classes at the appropriate
level
• Laboratories at the university are taught in
Spanish. I would say in general, it is not
necessary to speak Spanish to attend UPV,
however it is quite helpful in some situations and it will help you make
more of the experience.
• I would recommend the automation and control class and the management
course. The automation class was very hands on and I really
learned a lot. The management class was interesting and I had a really
nice professor. The project course was easy but it required a lot of
busy work and I did not learn so much. I would definitely not recommend
Thermodynamics unless it is an absolute major requirement, and
even then I would think twice about taking it at UPV. The teacher was
bad, the class only met a few times so it was impossible to use the
class to learn the material, there was NO book, and on top of it all the
final was really hard.
• In general I think the academic quality was slightly below GT standards.
The Spanish courses were better than the English courses, because
the professors do not speak English very well. The professors
were pretty nice and approachable.
• At UPV there is generally no homework or assignments except for the
labs and the labs don’t count towards your final grade, however you
are required to go to them and complete the assignments. The majority
of your grade is weighted on the final exams, which are very specific
and at times do not relate to inherit,
core material of the actual
class.
• Use your free time during the 2-week intensive
language course to go apartment hunting.
• Use http://valencia.loquo.com/ to find apartments
(similar to Craigslist)
• For maximum cultural immersion, make it a
priority to live with Spanish people who will
Spanish. That is the number-one reason that
my Spanish has improved.
• Valencia is pretty cheap compared to Atlanta.
I lived in a great, well-located piso that cost
just under $300 a month per inhabitant with
gastos (utilities) included.
Best areas to live in:
• Mesaella: 15 minute walk to campus, central
to attractions, and near metro stations
• Plaza Honduras: student entertainment hub,
near campus and Tarongers station
• Benimaclet: lots of students and near both red
and blue lines.
Worst areas to live in:
• Malva-Rossa and parts of the city along the
green line (Neptu to Ayora)
• I lived in an apartment with three other foreign
students: a Mexican, an Austrian, and a
French guy. The majority of the time we
spoke Spanish at home.
Classes
Housing
• Use a good-quality hiking backpack (45 Liter capacity to be carried on planes)
• Button-up shirts for males (no T-shirts)
• Take versatile clothing
• Locals do not wear shorts even though it’s hot
• Dark track jacket
• Laptop and flash drive
• A towel (or Packtowl which is very absorbent)
• Just remember that whatever you forget, you can buy when you get there. I did bring toiletries such as a large
bottle of shampoo, and would recommend you do the same. I liked this idea because most hygiene products
are more expensive in Europe and it will take up space in your suitcase on your way over that will be empty
when you return, forcing you to save some space for the things that you will inevitably accumulate while
abroad.
• Spanish people are fun and loud and will give you the best cultural immersion, but even hanging out with people
from non-Ehglish speaking countries usually means you will talk in Spanish, even if they know English
very well.
• Valencia is a great city with lots of wonderful parks to run or ride bikes in, a beautiful center, nice beaches,
and lots of very cultural festivals. Most of my social life involved going out with friends, hanging out in parks
or on the beach, and traveling around.
• I spent most of my time hanging out with other international students. There where only a few other Americans
at my university, while there where several thousand exchange students from all over Europe.
• The students from Valencia are not so interested in getting to know foreign students for two reasons: 1. there
are so many exchange students and 2. many of the students from Valencia speak mostly Valenciano. On the
other hand, students from other parts of Spain feel the same way in Valencia. Therefore I did make several
Spanish friends from Andalucia and Galicia.
• Everyone is very friendly and usually just as scared/nervous/excited as you are, so they are eager to get to
know you. I would recommend going to the intensive language courses in Gandia before UPV starts. It is a
good way to meet people before you arrive, develop language skills, and receive credit. I did not participate in
this, but in many ways I wish that I had.
Definitely go to:
• Plaza Honduras has lots of clubs
• Radio City for its Tuesday night Flamenco shows
• The Toucan (Pollo y Pelleron sp?)
• I had only a checking account/ ATM card. If I did again, I would make sure to have a visa credit card for
emergencies.
Lifestyle
Packing
Finances
• Valencia is beautiful, with huge parks, a beautiful city center,
and a wonderful beach. The weather is nice too, though be forewarned
the Spanish have never heard of a/c or heating. There is
some kind of party or festival almost every weekend. In the
spring, the highlight is the Las Fallas festival. Every neighborhood
builds a paper maché statue as tall as the buildings.
Throughout the month of March, there are daily fireworks, huge
block parties, and big parades. As the grand finale, each
neighborhood burns their statue bonfire style. It is amazing....
Cultural Differences
• Bodega Fila/Labrador on Wednesdays for
tapas
• Friend’s Doner-Kebap has Turkish style
“fast food”
• Café Paris
• Horchata (sweet non-alcoholic drink) &
fartons (sweetened bread sticks) at Horchateria
del Siglo or at Daniel
• Paella—the best is homemade
• Eating out can be expensive; go to one of
the many small café-bars for lunch and
you can get a meal for about 10 euros.
• We cooked all of our own or got together
with friends and cooked.
• Grocery stores (Mercadona is the most
popular) and has prices comparable to the
USA. Dining out can get expensive, but
is in general cheaper to do so in Valencia
than in other European cities.
• There are many options including Toni’s
which offers, pizza, salad, desert & drink
for 3.50 EUR.
Food
• You'll not be able to know the finals schedule
before you get here, so plan on your visa (if you
haven't gotten it yet) for being the maximum
allowable 180 days after your arrival in Spain.
• Visa: Make sure to set up an appointment online
ASAP. If you have trouble talking to the people
at the consulate, just ask for Ricardo and give
them your name and number. He was very helpful
and was able to squeeze me in earlier than I
had.
• Spain is best experienced by car, so try to befriend
someone with a car.
• Spain is very diverse, so it’s worth traveling
within the country.
• The metro is easier to use than buses.
• I traveled to Morocco, Germany, Austria, Czech
Republic, and Italy, as well as, a bit in Spain.
Spain is a great country, go see it first! Then if
you have time and money, there are a lot of
cheap airlines in Europe, and hostels are not too
expensive.
• I would use skyscanner.net for within Europe
travel and STA for going from the US to Europe
• The train and bus system is very good, but cuts
off at 11pm every night.
• There are night buses available, but they do not
come very frequently. The metro goes directly
to and from the Valencia airport (VLC)
• The buses are usually cheaper and faster than
the trains. The bus station is located at the
“Túria” yellow line metro stop.
Transportation & Travel
Please see information of contributing students below. If a blog or website is
listed, feel free to take a look! Also, if an e-mail address is listed, you may
contact that student if you have any questions about their study abroad experience.
ECE, Spring 2007
Jessica Forrest
Civil Engineering, minor in Spanish
Gtg650x@mail.gatech.edu
Participant Profiles
• I had a cell phone, so my
friends and family
mostly called me.
Communication
* These comments do not reflect the views of GT’s Office of International Education. They are based
on students’ individual opinions and are, therefore, not necessarily representative of all student experi
Monash University Melbourne, Australia
"Adopt as your fundamental creed that you will equip yourself for life, not solely for your own benefit but for the benefit of the whole community."
- Sir John Monash
Monash is a university of transformation. The desire to make a difference informs everything we do.
We see a brighter future as more than just possible - it is something for which we are directly responsible; something we can help create.
Birthplace of Monash University
- Australia’s largest university
- A choice of 6 campuses
- More than 200 CEOs from the world’s most successful companies rated Monash in the top 50 of world universities from which to hire graduates.*
- Ranked in the top 1% of world universities**
- Located in the world’s most liveable city***
- Total immersion in Western culture and the English language
- Indicative fees for Monash Australia range from AUD$23,000 to AUD$60,000 per annum
At Monash, we take our reputation seriously. Monash has achieved an enviable national and international reputation for research and teaching excellence in a short 50 years. Monash is ranked in the top 1 per cent of world universities. (See 'Our rankings and what they mean'.) And, in line with our vision and strategy for the future, Monash will continue to drive for improvement.
International rankings are not just a league table. Times Higher Education, for example, uses a robust process and multifaceted criteria to compare more than 6000 universities worldwide. It judges them in 13 areas, including teaching excellence, research that pushes the boundaries of understanding and innovation, knowledge transfer, the quality and diversity of staff, and their ability to provide an inspiring, international teaching environment for undergraduate and postgraduate students.
But while rankings are important, we care as much about your individual experience as we do about our position on the global scale. Monash gives you opportunities that don't affect our rankings, but will enrich your life as a Monash student.
Faculties
Online courses, Earn your Diploma Online. @ aiuhs
AIU High School offers several ideal solutions for students who have not yet completed high school and wish to earn their diploma.Depending on your unique situation, AIU has a program that allows you to complete your high school diploma as quickly as possible while giving you the necessary tools to prepare you for success career wise and at the university level.
| |||||||||
No
matter what program you decide is right for you, you can rest assured
that you are on a path to secure a better future for yourself with AIU
High School. Although the online lesson modules and video/audio lectures
are designed to help you learn independently, AIU faculty and staff are
available to assist you every step of the way. The programs may be taken virtually via distance learning without physical class attendance, all required materials are available at the online student section. |
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