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Showing posts with label Foriegn Student. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Foriegn Student. Show all posts

Student Visa Guide Line - Study in UK

Have Sex Tonight

For student visa, applications should be submitted at the UK Visa Application Centers (VAC) in Dhaka, Sylhet, and Chittagong run by VFS Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. Address of VAC



VAC Dhaka Office
Saimon Centre, 1st floor
Gulshan Commercial Area
Road # 22, House # 4A
Dhaka 1212

Office timing
Sunday-Wednesday: 08:00-13:00, 14:00-16:00
Thursday: 08:00-14:30
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 8851988, 8851987-9
Fax: 8851989
E-mail:
info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com



VAC Sylhet Office
Garden Towers, 1st Floor
Shahjalal Bridgelink Road
Sylhet 3100
Office timings
Sunday-Thursday: 08:00-13:00 (Submission)
14:00-16:00 (Passport Collection)
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 0821-810117 ( 08:00-13:00)
Fax : 0821-810118
E-mail: info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com



VAC Chittagong Office
Chamber House, 4th Floor
38 Agrabad C/A, Chittagong.

Office timing
Sunday-Thursday: 08:00-14:30
With the exception of public holidays
Telephone: 031-2511210
E-mail: info.ukbd@vfshelpline.com

Visa Fees:
1. For student visa you have to pay Tk 14355, in favour of "British High Commission".
2. All visa fees will need to be paid (Bank Drafts) at designated branches of BRAC Bank Ltd.
3. Applicants will be given a receipt (which will be valid for 30 days from the next working day).
4. The receipt should then be submitted with an application form to one of the Visa Application Center (VAC) or the British High Commission's commercial partner VFS Center

Finger Scans & Photograph For Visa
All persons applying for UK visas, irrespective of nationality, will have to apply in person to one of the VACs to have their finger scans and digital photograph taken.

Photography Specification:
1. One recent, passport-sized (45mm x 35mm), colour photograph. The photograph should be:
a. Taken against a light coloured (white, off-white etc.) background
b. Clear and of good quality and not framed or backed
c. Printed on normal photographic paper
d. Full face without sunglasses, hat or other head covering unless for cultural or religious reasons

You have to submit the following supporting documents:
1. Visa Application Form >VAF 32. A passport with at least 6 months validity. There must have visa pages to paste the visa document. You can also submit your old passport, if available.
3. One passport sized photograph. This must not be more than 6 months old. Please see photography specification described above.
4. The appropriate visa fee.
5. Evidence to support the information you have given (see below for more details)
6. Unless single, please provide evidence of your marital status e.g. marriage or civil partnership certificate
7. Acceptance letter from university/college in the UK. In this letter there must have the following information

a. Start and end date of the course

b. How many hours to study per week.

c. Accommodation and its cost information.

d. Tuition fee of this course.

8. Evidence of any previous study or qualifications gained in the UK.
9. Evidence of any English language qualifications e.g. IELTS or TOEFL.
10. Evidence of previous education history.
11. Evidence of the cost of your course fees
12. Evidence of any funds set aside by your financial sponsors specifically to pay for your study
13. Evidence of your financial sponsor̢۪s occupation, income and any savings or assets they have
14. Dependant of a Student
15. Evidence of your sponsor̢۪s permission to live in the UK
16. Evidence of the course of study your sponsor is doing or is going to do in the UK
17. Finances and employment
18. Evidence of your current employment/self employment/occupation/work
19 Evidence of your total monthly income from all sources of employment or occupation after tax
20. Evidence of any income from other sources e.g. friends, family, savings, property etc
21. Evidence of any job offers you have
22. Evidence of ability to pay for course.

Source of Information: 1.British High Commission Website
UK Visa Website

List of Uk Universities and Colleges

Colleges:
  1. Fulham & Chelsea College (Web: www.fccollege.co.uk)
  2. CITEC London (Web: www.citeclondon.co.uk)
  3. Meridian Business School London (Web: www.mbslondon.co.uk)
  4. Oxford College London (Web: www.oxfordcollegeoflondon.com)
  5. Redwick United College (www.redwickunitedcollege.co.uk)
  6. Bellerbys College (www.bellerbys.com)
Institutes:
  1. Plymouth Devon International College (PDIC) (Web: www.pdic-uk.co.uk)
  2. London International College of Business and Technology (LIBT) (Web: www.libt.navitas.com)
  3. International College Portsmouth (Web: www.port.ac.uk/icp)
  4. London College of Social Studies (www.lcss.eu)
 Universities:
  1. University of Plymouth (Web: www.plymouth.ac.uk)
  2. Brunel University (Web: www.brunel.ac.uk)
  3. Kingston University (Web : www.kingstone.ac.uk.)
  4. Bucks New University (www.bucks.ac.uk, www.bucks.ac.uk/international)
  5. University of Bedfordshire www.beds.ac.uk/
  6. University of Greenwich www.gre.ac.uk/
Study Group Universities:
  1. Heriot-Watt University (Web: www.hw.ac.uk)
  2. University of Huddersfield (Web: www.hud.ac.uk)
  3. Keele University (Web: www.keele.ac.uk)
  4. Lancaster University (Web: www.lancs.ac.uk)
  5. University of Leicester (Web: www.le.ac.uk)
  6. Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) (Web: www.livjm.ac.uk)
  7. University of Stirling (Web: www.external.stir.ac.uk)
  8. University of Surrey (Web: www.surrey.ac.uk)
  9. University of Sussex (Web: www.sussex.ac.uk)
  10. Wales International Study center (Web: www.studygroup.com/isc/wales)

West London College - Study in UK

All courses follow the requirements of the relevant UK examination authorities and lead to qualifications awarded by professional bodies or degrees awarded by British Universities.
Each course has been selected for its relevance to commerce and industry and for its international recognition as evidence of professional competence. Students can rest assured that their education will serve them well in their future careers.



Business, Marketing & Finance Courses


Undergraduate Courses

Duration Name NQF level
12 months SQA Diploma in Business Administration (Level 4)
2 Years Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration (BBA) (Level 6)
2 Years Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Business & Finance (BA) (Level 6)
2 years Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Accountancy (BA) (Level 6)


Postgraduate Courses

Duration Name NQF level
6 months Pre-MBA: Diploma in Business Studies (Level 4)
18 months Heriot-Watt University Master's Degree in Business Administration (MBA) (Level 7)
18 months Heriot-Watt University Master's Degree in Marketing (MSc.) (Level 7)
18 months Heriot-Watt University Master's Degree in Financial Management (MSc.) (Level 7)


Short Summer Courses

Duration Name NQF level
4 weeks Certificate in Business (summer programme) -
8 weeks Higher Certificate in Business (summer programme) -


Management Psychology

Duration Name NQF level
12 months Diploma in Business Psychology (Level 4)
24 months Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Management & Psychology (BA) (Level 6)
18 months Heriot-Watt University Master's Degree in Business Psychology (MSc.) (Level 7)


Information Technology Courses

Duration Name NQF level
12 months SQA Diploma in Business & Information Technology (Level 4)
2 years Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and Information Technology (Level 6)


Hotel and Tourism Management

Duration Name NQF level
12 months SQA Diploma in Hospitality & Tourism Management (Level 4)
2 years Heriot-Watt University Bachelor's Degree in Hospitality & Tourism Management (BA) (Level 6)


Fashion Design Courses

Duration Name NQF level
1 year Diploma in Fashion Design (Level 4)
2 years Heriot-Watt University BA in Fashion (Level 6)


English Language Courses

Duration Name NQF level
3 months Pre-sessional English (3 Months) -
6 months Pre-sessional English (6 Months)

application process
There are a number of ways you can apply to the College and your geographical location, your nationality, and the time available before your chosen course begins are all important considerations when deciding which method to use.
The College Registry is very flexible and will try to help you whatever your circumstances. Acceptance documentation is sent by email, usually within 24 hours of the Registry receiving your application.

Submitting an application form.

In person:

If you are in or near London the best method is to come into the College and apply in person and benefit from help and advice from one of our friendly course advisors. In most cases we will be able to give you an instant decision on your applcation and you will be able to leave the College with an Offer Letter. You do not need an appointment to see a Course Advisor. The College is open 9am to 6pm Monday to Friday (except Public Holidays) and you are welcome to visit at any time during these hours.

By email, fax or post:

If you are far from London (or overseas) you may prefer to send us your completed Application Form. To do this you will need to download one of the application forms below


NOTE: If you are having difficulty viewing these application forms in your web browser please right click on the links above and select from the download/save options which appear in the pop-up menu. You should then be able to save a copy of the PDF application form to your computer. If using a Mac without right click enabled use ctrl + click. Most modern computers are already able to open PDF files but you may need to download and install Adobe Acrobat Reader.
If possible you should send copies of your qualifications with your Application Form, but if you are unable to do this, perhaps because you are waiting for examination results, you can still submit the form.
All the instructions are on the Application Form.

Online:

The College has an online application process that you are welcome to use by clicking here
With an online application you will receive a Conditional Offer because the online process does not allow you to submit your qualifications, only to tell us what they are, so you need to send your qualifications to us later.

Study in UK - Uk College List

Study in India - Music & performing arts

Indian music follows different rules to Western music, so allow several weeks to get any benefit from music courses. Most centres provide instruments, but invest in your own if you mean to continue to play at home.
Goa Courses in classical Indian singing and tabla in Arambol.
Gujarat Classical Indian dance classes in Ahmedabad.
Himachal Pradesh Various courses in Indian classical music in McLeod Ganj and Bhagsu.
Karnataka Classical Indian dance classes at Nrityagram in Hessaraghatta, and tabla (pair of drums) classes at Shruthi Musical Works in Mysore.
Kerala Courses in kathakali (traditional Keralan dance opera) and kootiattam (traditional Sanskrit drama) in Trivandrum, and dance centres near Thrissur and Kottayam.
Kolkata Aurobindo Bhawan offers classical Indian dance classes.
Rajasthan Tabla, flute, singing and Kathak (Indian classical dance) courses in Pushkar, Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur.
Tamil Nadu Courses in bharathanatiyam (dance), singing and various musical instruments in Puducherry (Pondicherry); Kalakshetra Arts Village in Chennai offers courses in classical Tamil dance and music.
Uttar Pradesh Sitar (stringed instrument), tabla and classical dance classes in Varanasi.
Uttarakhand Classical dance and musical instrument classes in Rishikesh.

Introducing India - Travel

India bristles with an eclectic melange of ethnic groups; an intoxicating cultural cocktail for the traveller. With such astonishing diversity, you will be taken on a journey that will linger in your mind long after you’ve left her shores.
Soul Stirring
Bamboozling. There’s simply no other word that captures the enigma that is India. With an ability to inspire, frustrate, thrill and confound all at once, India presents an extraordinary spectrum of encounters for the traveller. Some of these can be challenging, particularly for the first-time visitor: the poverty is confronting, Indian bureaucracy can be exasperating and the crush of humanity sometimes turns the simplest task into an energy-zapping battle. Even veteran travellers find their sanity frayed at some point, yet this is all part of the India experience. Love it or loathe it – and most visitors see-saw between the two – India will jostle your entire being. It’s a place that fi res the imagination and stirs the soul like nowhere else on earth.
Spectacularly Diverse
With its in-your-face diversity – from snowdusted mountains to sun-washed beaches, tranquil temples to frenetic bazaars, lantern-lit villages to software-supremo cities – it’s hardly surprising that this country has been dubbed the world’s most multidimensional. For those seeking spiritual sustenance, India has oodles of sacrosanct sites and thought-provoking philosophies, while history buffs will stumble upon gems from the past almost everywhere – grand vestiges of former empires serenely peer over swarming streets and crumbling fortresses loom high above plunging ravines. Meanwhile, aficionados of the great outdoors can paddle in the shimmering waters
of one of many beautiful beaches, scout for big jungle cats on blood-pumping wildlife safaris, or simply inhale pine-scented air on meditative forest walks. And then there are the festivals. With its vibrant mix of religious denominations, India is home to a formidable array of celebrations – from larger-than-life extravaganzas with caparisoned elephants and body-twisting acrobats to pint-sized harvest fairs paying homage to a locally worshipped deity.
Too Delicious
Brace yourself – you’re about to jump on board one of the wildest culinary trips of your life! Frying, simmering, sizzling, kneading and flipping a deliciously diverse variety of regional dishes, feasting your way through the subcontinent is certainly one hell of a ride. The hungry traveller can look forward to a bountiful smorgasbord of tasty delights, ranging from the spicy goodness of masterfully marinated chicken drumsticks in North India to the simple splendour of squidgy rice dumplings in the steamy south. So what are you waiting for? Roll up your sleeves, put on your chompchomp hat and rumble your way down India’s gastronomic highway!
Ready to go?
These tours & activities make it easy

tips for study abroad UPV - Office of International Education

Tips on Studying Abroad at the Universidad
Politécnica de Valencia in Spain
Want to know what it’s like to study abroad? Want to know what your peers think? Your fellow
Georgia Tech students who have previously gone on this exchange program gave their opinions so
that future participants have the inside scoop on their host institution and host country.
• I would have gotten many diverse classes
approved before going.
• I chose my program because I knew that I
really wanted to learn Spanish and to experience
a new culture.
• Valencia was the only place that CEE majors
could go in Spain, so that’s where I went. I in
no way regret not being in Barcelonoa or Madrid.
Valencia has a lot to offer including a
smaller, more familiar and authentic Spanish
city.
• Valencia is definitely not small. It is the 3rd
largest city in Spain, so don’t worry about
running out of things to do or being bored.
From the City of Arts and Sciences, the
beach, and the historical center it really does
stand out as an original and lively city.
Preparation & Getting Started
• The intensive language course is one of the best decisions I’ve made in
Spain—it’s great for meeting everyone and getting settled into life.
You’ll only have class until about 1 or 2 everyday for 2 weeks, so the
afternoons and weekends are free. Don’t be intimated by your placement
in the language course—it helps you improve.
• A 6 out of 10 is the equivalent of a C at GT
• Final exams are worth at least 50% of your
grade and not much homework is given.
• Avoid classes taught in Valencian/Catalan
• Make sure to take classes at the appropriate
level
• Laboratories at the university are taught in
Spanish. I would say in general, it is not
necessary to speak Spanish to attend UPV,
however it is quite helpful in some situations and it will help you make
more of the experience.
• I would recommend the automation and control class and the management
course. The automation class was very hands on and I really
learned a lot. The management class was interesting and I had a really
nice professor. The project course was easy but it required a lot of
busy work and I did not learn so much. I would definitely not recommend
Thermodynamics unless it is an absolute major requirement, and
even then I would think twice about taking it at UPV. The teacher was
bad, the class only met a few times so it was impossible to use the
class to learn the material, there was NO book, and on top of it all the
final was really hard.
• In general I think the academic quality was slightly below GT standards.
The Spanish courses were better than the English courses, because
the professors do not speak English very well. The professors
were pretty nice and approachable.
• At UPV there is generally no homework or assignments except for the
labs and the labs don’t count towards your final grade, however you
are required to go to them and complete the assignments. The majority
of your grade is weighted on the final exams, which are very specific
and at times do not relate to inherit,
core material of the actual
class.
• Use your free time during the 2-week intensive
language course to go apartment hunting.
• Use http://valencia.loquo.com/ to find apartments
(similar to Craigslist)
• For maximum cultural immersion, make it a
priority to live with Spanish people who will
Spanish. That is the number-one reason that
my Spanish has improved.
• Valencia is pretty cheap compared to Atlanta.
I lived in a great, well-located piso that cost
just under $300 a month per inhabitant with
gastos (utilities) included.
Best areas to live in:
• Mesaella: 15 minute walk to campus, central
to attractions, and near metro stations
• Plaza Honduras: student entertainment hub,
near campus and Tarongers station
• Benimaclet: lots of students and near both red
and blue lines.
Worst areas to live in:
• Malva-Rossa and parts of the city along the
green line (Neptu to Ayora)
• I lived in an apartment with three other foreign
students: a Mexican, an Austrian, and a
French guy. The majority of the time we
spoke Spanish at home.
Classes
Housing
• Use a good-quality hiking backpack (45 Liter capacity to be carried on planes)
• Button-up shirts for males (no T-shirts)
• Take versatile clothing
• Locals do not wear shorts even though it’s hot
• Dark track jacket
• Laptop and flash drive
• A towel (or Packtowl which is very absorbent)
• Just remember that whatever you forget, you can buy when you get there. I did bring toiletries such as a large
bottle of shampoo, and would recommend you do the same. I liked this idea because most hygiene products
are more expensive in Europe and it will take up space in your suitcase on your way over that will be empty
when you return, forcing you to save some space for the things that you will inevitably accumulate while
abroad.
• Spanish people are fun and loud and will give you the best cultural immersion, but even hanging out with people
from non-Ehglish speaking countries usually means you will talk in Spanish, even if they know English
very well.
• Valencia is a great city with lots of wonderful parks to run or ride bikes in, a beautiful center, nice beaches,
and lots of very cultural festivals. Most of my social life involved going out with friends, hanging out in parks
or on the beach, and traveling around.
• I spent most of my time hanging out with other international students. There where only a few other Americans
at my university, while there where several thousand exchange students from all over Europe.
• The students from Valencia are not so interested in getting to know foreign students for two reasons: 1. there
are so many exchange students and 2. many of the students from Valencia speak mostly Valenciano. On the
other hand, students from other parts of Spain feel the same way in Valencia. Therefore I did make several
Spanish friends from Andalucia and Galicia.
• Everyone is very friendly and usually just as scared/nervous/excited as you are, so they are eager to get to
know you. I would recommend going to the intensive language courses in Gandia before UPV starts. It is a
good way to meet people before you arrive, develop language skills, and receive credit. I did not participate in
this, but in many ways I wish that I had.
Definitely go to:
• Plaza Honduras has lots of clubs
• Radio City for its Tuesday night Flamenco shows
• The Toucan (Pollo y Pelleron sp?)
• I had only a checking account/ ATM card. If I did again, I would make sure to have a visa credit card for
emergencies.
Lifestyle
Packing
Finances
• Valencia is beautiful, with huge parks, a beautiful city center,
and a wonderful beach. The weather is nice too, though be forewarned
the Spanish have never heard of a/c or heating. There is
some kind of party or festival almost every weekend. In the
spring, the highlight is the Las Fallas festival. Every neighborhood
builds a paper maché statue as tall as the buildings.
Throughout the month of March, there are daily fireworks, huge
block parties, and big parades. As the grand finale, each
neighborhood burns their statue bonfire style. It is amazing....
Cultural Differences
• Bodega Fila/Labrador on Wednesdays for
tapas
• Friend’s Doner-Kebap has Turkish style
“fast food”
• Café Paris
• Horchata (sweet non-alcoholic drink) &
fartons (sweetened bread sticks) at Horchateria
del Siglo or at Daniel
• Paella—the best is homemade
• Eating out can be expensive; go to one of
the many small café-bars for lunch and
you can get a meal for about 10 euros.
• We cooked all of our own or got together
with friends and cooked.
• Grocery stores (Mercadona is the most
popular) and has prices comparable to the
USA. Dining out can get expensive, but
is in general cheaper to do so in Valencia
than in other European cities.
• There are many options including Toni’s
which offers, pizza, salad, desert & drink
for 3.50 EUR.
Food
• You'll not be able to know the finals schedule
before you get here, so plan on your visa (if you
haven't gotten it yet) for being the maximum
allowable 180 days after your arrival in Spain.
• Visa: Make sure to set up an appointment online
ASAP. If you have trouble talking to the people
at the consulate, just ask for Ricardo and give
them your name and number. He was very helpful
and was able to squeeze me in earlier than I
had.
• Spain is best experienced by car, so try to befriend
someone with a car.
• Spain is very diverse, so it’s worth traveling
within the country.
• The metro is easier to use than buses.
• I traveled to Morocco, Germany, Austria, Czech
Republic, and Italy, as well as, a bit in Spain.
Spain is a great country, go see it first! Then if
you have time and money, there are a lot of
cheap airlines in Europe, and hostels are not too
expensive.
• I would use skyscanner.net for within Europe
travel and STA for going from the US to Europe
• The train and bus system is very good, but cuts
off at 11pm every night.
• There are night buses available, but they do not
come very frequently. The metro goes directly
to and from the Valencia airport (VLC)
• The buses are usually cheaper and faster than
the trains. The bus station is located at the
“Túria” yellow line metro stop.
Transportation & Travel
Please see information of contributing students below. If a blog or website is
listed, feel free to take a look! Also, if an e-mail address is listed, you may
contact that student if you have any questions about their study abroad experience.
ECE, Spring 2007
Jessica Forrest
Civil Engineering, minor in Spanish
Gtg650x@mail.gatech.edu
Participant Profiles
• I had a cell phone, so my
friends and family
mostly called me.
Communication
* These comments do not reflect the views of GT’s Office of International Education. They are based
on students’ individual opinions and are, therefore, not necessarily representative of all student experi

Monash University Melbourne, Australia

  • "Adopt as your fundamental creed that you will equip yourself for life, not solely for your own benefit but for the benefit of the whole community."

    - Sir John Monash



    Monash is a university of transformation. The desire to make a difference informs everything we do.

    We see a brighter future as more than just possible - it is something for which we are directly responsible; something we can help create.  

    • Birthplace of Monash University

    • Australia’s largest university
    • A choice of 6 campuses
    • More than 200 CEOs from the world’s most successful companies rated Monash in the top 50 of world universities from which to hire graduates.*
    • Ranked in the top 1% of world universities**
    • Located in the world’s most liveable city***
    • Total immersion in Western culture and the English language
    • Indicative fees for Monash Australia range from AUD$23,000 to AUD$60,000 per annum
    •  

  • At Monash, we take our reputation seriously. Monash has achieved an enviable national and international reputation for research and teaching excellence in a short 50 years. Monash is ranked in the top 1 per cent of world universities. (See 'Our rankings and what they mean'.) And, in line with our vision and strategy for the future, Monash will continue to drive for improvement.
    International rankings are not just a league table. Times Higher Education, for example, uses a robust process and multifaceted criteria to compare more than 6000 universities worldwide. It judges them in 13 areas, including teaching excellence, research that pushes the boundaries of understanding and innovation, knowledge transfer, the quality and diversity of staff, and their ability to provide an inspiring, international teaching environment for undergraduate and postgraduate students.
    But while rankings are important, we care as much about your individual experience as we do about our position on the global scale. Monash gives you opportunities that don't affect our rankings, but will enrich your life as a Monash student.

    Faculties

Online courses, Earn your Diploma Online. @ aiuhs












AIU High School offers several ideal solutions for students who have not yet completed high school
and wish to earn their diploma.Depending on your unique situation, AIU has a program that allows you to complete your high school diploma as quickly as possible while giving you the necessary tools to prepare you for success career wise and at the university level.
American institution with prestige and registration with the Department of Education
Specialized instructors guide students via Video Conferences and Multimedia
Technology and self learning systems at AIU's Virtual Campus
Accessible Tuition and Payment Plans 
  No matter what program you decide is right for you, you can rest assured that you are on a path to secure a better future for yourself with AIU High School. Although the online lesson modules and video/audio lectures are designed to help you learn independently, AIU faculty and staff are available to assist you every step of the way.

The programs may be taken virtually via distance learning without physical class attendance, all required materials are available at the online student section.

What are Placebos?

A placebo (play /pləˈsiboÊŠ/; Latin: I shall please[2]) is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other medical condition intended to deceive the recipient. Sometimes patients given a placebo treatment will have a perceived or actual improvement in a medical condition, a phenomenon commonly called the placebo effect.
In medical research, placebos are given as control treatments and depend on the use of measured deception. Common placebos are inert tablets, sham surgery,[3] and other procedures based on false information.[1] However, placebos can also have a surprisingly positive effect on a patient who knows that the given treatment is without any active drug, as compared with a control group who knowingly did not get a placebo.[4]
In one common placebo procedure, however, a patient is given an inert pill, told that it may improve his/her condition, but not told that it is in fact inert. Such an intervention may cause the patient to believe the treatment will change his/her condition; and this belief may produce a subjective perception of a therapeutic effect, causing the patient to feel their condition has improved — or an actual improvement in their condition. This phenomenon is known as the placebo effect.
Placebos are widely used in medical research and medicine,[5] and the placebo effect is a pervasive phenomenon;[5] in fact, it is part of the response to any active medical intervention.[6] Archie Cochrane suggested in 1972[7] "It is important to distinguish the very respectable, conscious use of placebos. The effect of placebos has been shown by randomised controlled trials to be very large. Their use in the correct place is to be encouraged […]"
The placebo effect points to the importance of perception and the brain's role in physical health. However, when used as treatment in clinical medicine (as opposed to laboratory research), the deception involved in the use of placebos creates tension between the Hippocratic Oath and the honesty of the doctor-patient relationship.[8] The United Kingdom Parliamentary Committee on Science and Technology has stated that: "...prescribing placebos... usually relies on some degree of patient deception" and "prescribing pure placebos is bad medicine. Their effect is unreliable and unpredictable and cannot form the sole basis of any treatment on the NHS."[3]
Since the publication of Henry K. Beecher's The Powerful Placebo [9] in 1955, the phenomenon has been considered to have clinically important effects.[10] This view was notably challenged when, in 2001, a systematic review of clinical trials concluded that there was no evidence of clinically important effects, except perhaps in the treatment of pain and continuous subjective outcomes.[10] The article received a flurry of criticism,[11] but the authors later published a Cochrane review with similar conclusions (updated as of 2010).[12] Most studies have attributed the difference from baseline till the end of the trial to a placebo effect, but the reviewers examined studies which had both placebo and untreated groups in order to distinguish the placebo effect from the natural progression of the disease.[10] However these conclusions have been criticized because of the great variety of diseases—more than 40—in this metastudy. The effect of placebo is very different in different diseases. By pooling quite different diseases the results can be levelled out.

Definitions, effects, and ethics

A placebo has been defined as "a substance or procedure… that is objectively without specific activity for the condition being treated".[11] Under this definition, a wide variety of things can be placebos and exhibit a placebo effect. Pharmacological substances administered through any means can act as placebos, including pills, creams, inhalants, and injections. Medical devices such as ultrasound can act as placebos.[13][14] Sham surgery,[15][16][17] sham electrodes implanted in the brain,[1] and sham acupuncture, either with sham needles or on fake acupuncture points, have all exhibited placebo effects.[18] Bedding not treated to reduce allergies has been used as a placebo to control for treated bedding.[19] The physician has even been called a placebo;[20]33–34 a study found that patient recovery can be increased by words that suggest the patient “would be better in a few days”, and if the patient is given treatment, that “the treatment would certainly make him better” rather than negative words such as “I am not sure that the treatment I am going to give you will have an effect”.[21] The placebo effect may be a component of pharmacological therapies: Pain killing and anxiety reducing drugs that are infused secretly without an individual’s knowledge are less effective than when a patient knows they are receiving them. Likewise, the effects of stimulation from implanted electrodes in the brains of those with advanced Parkinson's disease are greater when they are aware they are receiving this stimulation.[22] Sometimes administering or prescribing a placebo merges into fake medicine.
The placebo effect has sometimes been defined as a physiological effect caused by the placebo, but Moerman and Jonas have pointed out that this seems illogical, as a placebo is an inert substance that does not directly cause anything. Instead they introduced the word "meaning response" for the meaning that the brain associates with the placebo, which causes a physiological placebo effect. They propose that the placebo, which may be unethical, could be avoided entirely if doctors comfort and encourage their patients' health.[11] Ernst and Resch also attempted to distinguish between the "true" and "perceived" placebo effect, as they argued that some of the effects attributed to the placebo effect could be due to other factors.[23]
The placebo effect has been controversial throughout history. Notable medical organizations have endorsed it,[24] but in 1903 Richard Cabot concluded that it should be avoided because it is deceptive. Newman[25] points out the "placebo paradox", – it may be unethical to use a placebo, but also unethical "not to use something that heals". He suggests to solve this dilemma by appropriating the meaning response in medicine, that is make use of the placebo effect, as long as the "one administering… is honest, open, and believes in its potential healing power".[8] Another possible resolution of the ethical dilemma might come from the "honest placebo" effect found in a 2010 study[4] carried out by researchers in the Program in Placebo Studies at the Harvard Medical School, where patients with irritable bowel syndrome experienced a significant beneficial effect even though they were told the pills they were taking were placebos, as compared to a control group who received no pills.

 

University of Rajshahi

Established in 1953, Rajshahi University is the second largest University in Bangladesh and is the highest abode of learning in the Northern region of Bangladesh.  The Northern areas of the country were comparatively lagging behind in higher education since the University of Dhaka, then the only of its kind in the country, was far away and  was not very easily accessible to the student of this part. Thus the necessity of a University in the Northern part of the country was felt and Rajshahi University Act 1953 (East Bengal Act XV of 1953) was passed by the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly on March 31, 1953. The land area ( 300 hectares) of the University is one of the largest of it's kind in the country. It locates at a pastoral setting of Motihar close to the city of Rajshahi


RU At a Glance
Name
The University of Rajshahi
Type
Teaching, Residential & Affiliating
Established 
1953
Faculties
Arts, Business Studies, Law, Social science, Medicine (Affiliated)
Academic Year
July to June
Territorial Area 
Rajshahi and Khulna Divisions


Phone: (+880721) 750041-9
Fax: 00880-0721-750064
E-mail: ru@ugc.org